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Wikipedia / Hippoidea

Hippoidea is a superfamily of decapod crustaceans known as mole crabs or sand crabs.

Ecology

Hippoids are adapted to burrowing into sandy beaches, a habit they share with raninid crabs, and the parallel evolution of the two groups is striking. In the family Hippidae, the body is almost ovoid, the first pereiopods have no claws, and the telson is long, none of which are seen in related groups. Unlike most other decapods, sand crabs cannot walk; instead, they use their legs to dig into the sand. Members of the family Hippidae beat their uropods to swim.

Apart from the polar regions, hippoids can be found on beaches throughout the world. Larvae of one species have also been found in Antarctic waters, despite the lack of suitable sandy beaches in the Antarctic.

Classification

Alongside hermit crabs and allies (Paguroidea), squat lobsters and allies (Galatheoidea) and the hairy stone crab (Lomis hirta, Lomisoidea), Hippoidea is one of the four groups that make up the infraorder Anomura. Of the four, Hippoidea is thought to be the most basal, with the other three groups being more closely related to each other than to Hippoidea.

The fossil record of sand crabs is sparse, but extends back to the Cretaceous period. Sand crabs are placed in three families (exclusively fossil taxa are marked †):

  1. Albuneidae Stimpson, 1858

  2. Albunea Weber, 1795

  3. Austrolepidopa Efford & Haig, 1968

  4. Harryhausenia Boyko, 2004 †

  5. Italialbunea Boyko, 2002 †

  6. Lepidopa Stimpson, 1858

  7. Leucolepidopa Efford, 1969

  8. Paralbunea Serène, 1977

  9. Paraleucolepidopa Calado, 1996

  10. Praealbunea Fraaije, 2002 †

  11. Squillalbunea Boyko, 2002

  12. Stemonopa Efford & Haig, 1968

  13. Zygopa Holthuis, 1961

  14. Blepharipodidae Boyko, 2002

  15. Blepharipoda Randall, 1840

  16. Lophomastix Benedict, 1904

  17. Hippidae Latreille, 1825

  18. Emerita Scopoli, 1777

  19. Hippa Fabricius, 1787

  20. Mastigochirus Miers, 1878

References