Wikipedia / List of integrals of rational functions
Wikipedia / List of integrals of rational functions
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form: which can then be integrated term by term.
For other types of functions that can be integrated, see lists of integrals.
Miscellaneous integrands
Integrands of the form xm(a x + b)n
Many of the following antiderivatives have a term of the form ln |ax + b|. Because this is undefined when x = −b / a, the most general form of the antiderivative replaces the constant of integration with a locally constant function. where C is to be understood as notation for a locally constant function of x. This convention will be adhered to in the following.
Integrands of the form xm / (a x2 + b x + c)n
Integrands of the form xm (a + b xn)p
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
Integrands of the form (A + B x) (a + b x)m (c + d x)n (e + f x)p
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m, n and p toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
by setting B to 0.
Integrands of the form xm (A + B xn) (a + b xn)p (c + d xn)q
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m, p and q toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
by setting m and/or B to 0.
Integrands of the form (d + e x)m (a + b x + c x2)p when b2 − 4 a c = 0
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
by setting m to 0.
Integrands of the form (d + e x)m (A + B x) (a + b x + c x2)p
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
by setting m and/or B to 0.
Integrands of the form xm (a + b xn + c x2n)p when b2 − 4 a c = 0
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
by setting m to 0.
Integrands of the form xm (A + B xn) (a + b xn + c x2n)p
The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
These reduction formulas can be used for integrands having integer and/or fractional exponents.
by setting m and/or B to 0.