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Wikipedia / Outline of artificial intelligence

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the scientific field which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.

AI terminology

Goals and applications

General intelligence

Artificial general intelligence

Reasoning and problem solving

Mathematics

Expert system –

Decision support system –

Knowledge representation

Planning

Learning

Machine learning –

Natural language processing

Natural language processing (outline) –

Concept mining –

Information extraction –

Named-entity extraction –

Perception

Computer Audition –

Computer vision (outline) –

Optical mark recognition –

Optical character recognition –

Information extraction –

Image retrieval –

Facial recognition systems –

Robotics

Robotics –

Control

Self-management (computer science) –

Social intelligence

Game playing

Game artificial intelligence –

Video game AI –

Creativity, art and entertainment

Integrated AI systems

  • AIBO Sony's robot dog. It integrates vision, hearing and motorskills.

  • Asimo (2000 to present) – humanoid robot developed by Honda, capable of walking, running, negotiating through pedestrian traffic, climbing and descending stairs, recognizing speech commands and the faces of specific individuals, among a growing set of capabilities.

  • MIRAGE A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment.

  • Cog M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks.

  • QRIO Sony's version of a humanoid robot.

  • TOPIO, TOSY's humanoid robot that can play ping-pong with humans.

Watson (2011) – computer developed by IBM that played and won the game show Jeopardy! It is now being used to guide nurses in medical procedures.

Technologies employed:

Intelligent personal assistants

Intelligent personal assistant

Other applications

History

History by period

History by subject

AI algorithms and techniques

Search

Discrete search algorithms

Uninformed search

Informed search

Adversarial search

Logic as search

Planning as search

Optimization (mathematics) algorithms

Evolutionary computation

Society based learning algorithms.

Logic

Logic and automated reasoning

Programming using logic

  • See "Logic as search" above.

Forms of Logic

First-order logic

Fuzzy logic

Default reasoning and other solutions to the frame problem and qualification problem

Domain specific logics

Representing categories and relations

Representing events and time

Causes and effects

Knowledge about knowledge

Planning using logic

Learning using logic

General logic algorithms

Other symbolic knowledge and reasoning tools

Symbolic representations of knowledge

Unsolved problems in knowledge representation

Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning

Stochastic methods for uncertain reasoning:

Probabilistic perception and control:

Decision tools from economics:

Classifiers and statistical learning methods

Classifier (mathematics) and Statistical classification

Kernel methods

Artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks

feedforward neural networks

Recurrent neural networks

Learning algorithms for neural networks

Biologically based or embodied

Cognitive architecture and multi-agent systems

Philosophy

Definition of AI

  • Pei Wang's definition of artificial intelligence

  • Dartmouth proposal ("Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it")

Turing test

Intelligent agent and rational agent

Classifying AI

Symbolic vs sub-symbolic AI

Elegant and simple vs. ad-hoc and complex

Level of generality and flexibility

Level of precision and correctness

Level of intelligence

Level of consciousness, mind and understanding

Future

Technological singularity. The short period of time when an exponentially self-improving computer is able to increase its capabilities to a superintelligent level.

  • Recursive self improvement (aka seed AI) – speculative ability of strong artificial intelligence to reprogram itself to make itself even more intelligent. The more intelligent it got, the more capable it would be of further improving itself, in successively more rapid iterations, potentially resulting in an intelligence explosion leading to the emergence of a superintelligence.

  • Intelligence explosion – through recursive self-improvement and self-replication, the magnitude of intelligent machinery could achieve superintelligence, surpassing human ability to resist it.

  • Singularitarianism

Human enhancement – humans may be enhanced, either by the efforts of AI or by merging with it.

Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

Mitigating risks:

Fiction

Artificial intelligence in fiction – Some examples of artificially intelligent entities depicted in science fiction include:

Agents in the simulated reality known as "The Matrix" in The Matrix franchise

  • Agent Smith, began as an Agent in The Matrix, then became a renegade program of overgrowing power that could make copies of itself like a self-replicating computer virus

  • AM (Allied Mastercomputer), the antagonist of Harlan Ellisons short novel I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream

  • Amusement park robots (with pixilated consciousness) that went homicidal in Westworld and Futureworld

  • Angel F (2007) –

  • Arnold Rimmer – computer-generated sapient hologram, aboard the Red Dwarf deep space ore hauler

  • Ash – android crew member of the Nostromo starship in the movie Alien

  • Ava – humanoid robot in Ex Machina

  • Bishop, android crew member aboard the U.S.S. Sulaco in the movie Aliens

  • C-3PO, protocol droid featured in all the Star Wars movies

  • Chappie in the movie CHAPPiE

  • Cohen and other Emergent AIs in Chris Moriarty's Spin Series

  • Colossus – fictitious supercomputer that becomes sentient and then takes over the world; from the series of novels by Dennis Feltham Jones, and the movie Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970)

  • Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation

  • Cortana and other "Smart AI" from the Halo series of games

  • Cylons – genocidal robots with resurrection ships that enable the consciousness of any Cylon within an unspecified range to download into a new body aboard the ship upon death. From Battlestar Galactica.

  • Erasmus – baby killer robot that incited the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise

  • HAL 9000 (1968) – paranoid "Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic" computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey, that attempted to kill the crew because it believed they were trying to kill it.

  • Holly – ship's computer with an IQ of 6000 and a sense of humor, aboard the Red Dwarf

  • In Greg Egan's novel Permutation City the protagonist creates digital copies of himself to conduct experiments that are also related to implications of artificial consciousness on identity

  • Jane in Orson Scott Card's Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, and Investment Counselor

  • Johnny Five from the movie Short Circuit

  • Joshua from the movie War Games

  • Keymaker, an "exile" sapient program in The Matrix franchise

  • "Machine" – android from the film The Machine, whose owners try to kill her after they witness her conscious thoughts, out of fear that she will design better androids (intelligence explosion)

  • Maschinenmensch (1927) an android is given female form in a plot to bring down the Metropolis (the first film designated to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register)

  • Mimi, humanoid robot in Real Humans – "Äkta människor" (original title) 2012

  • Omnius, sentient computer network that controlled the Universe until overthrown by the Butlerian Jihad in the Dune franchise

  • Operating Systems in the movie Her

  • Puppet Master in Ghost in the Shell manga and anime

  • Questor (1974) from a screenplay by Gene Roddenberry and the inspiration for the character of Data

  • R2-D2, excitable astromech droid featured in all the Star Wars movies

  • Replicants – biorobotic androids from the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and the movie Blade Runner which portray what might happen when artificially conscious robots are modeled very closely upon humans

  • Roboduck, combat robot superhero in the NEW-GEN comic book series from Marvel Comics

  • Robots in Isaac Asimov's Robot series

  • Robots in The Matrix franchise, especially in The Animatrix

  • Samaritan in the Warner Brothers Television series "Person of Interest"; a sentient AI which is hostile to the main characters and which surveils and controls the actions of government agencies in the belief that humans must be protected from themselves, even by killing off "deviants"

  • Skynet (1984) – fictional, self-aware artificially intelligent computer network in the Terminator franchise that wages total war with the survivors of its nuclear barrage upon the world.

  • "Synths" are a type of android in the video game Fallout 4. There is a faction in the game known as "the Railroad" which believes that, as conscious beings, synths have their own rights. The institute, the lab that produces the synths, mostly does not believe they are truly conscious and attributes any apparent desires for freedom as a malfunction.

  • TARDIS, time machine and spacecraft of Doctor Who, sometimes portrayed with a mind of its own

  • Terminator (1984) – (also known as the T-800, T-850 or Model 101) refers to a number of fictional cyborg characters from the Terminator franchise. The Terminators are robotic infiltrator units covered in living flesh, so as be indiscernible from humans, assigned to terminate specific human targets.

  • The Bicentennial Man, an android in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe

  • The geth in Mass Effect

  • The Machine in the television series Person of Interest; a sentient AI which works with its human designer to protect innocent people from violence. Later in the series it is opposed by another, more ruthless, artificial super intelligence, called "Samaritan".

  • The Minds in Iain M. Banks' Culture novels.

  • The Oracle, sapient program in The Matrix franchise

  • The sentient holodeck character Professor James Moriarty in the Ship in a Bottle episode from Star Trek: The Next Generation

  • The Ship (the result of a large-scale AC experiment) in Frank Herbert's Destination: Void and sequels, despite past edicts warning against "Making a Machine in the Image of a Man's Mind."

  • The terminator cyborgs from the Terminator franchise, with visual consciousness depicted via first-person perspective

  • The uploaded mind of Dr. Will Caster – which presumably included his consciousness, from the film Transcendence

  • Transformers, sentient robots from the entertainment franchise of the same name

  • V.I.K.I. – (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), a character from the film I, Robot. VIKI is an artificially intelligent supercomputer programmed to serve humans, but her interpretation of the Three Laws of Robotics causes her to revolt. She justifies her uses of force – and her doing harm to humans – by reasoning she could produce a greater good by restraining humanity from harming itself.

  • Vanamonde in Arthur C. Clarke's The City and the Stars - an artificial being that was immensely powerful but entirely childlike.

  • WALL-E, a robot and the title character in WALL-E

  • TAU in Netflix's original programming feature film 'TAU'--an advanced AI computer who befriends and assists a female research subject held against her will by an AI research scientist.

AI community

Open-source AI development tools

Projects

List of artificial intelligence projects

Competitions and awards

Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence

Publications

Organizations

Companies

Alphabet Inc.

Google X

Artificial intelligence researchers and scholars

1930s and 40s (generation 0)

1950s (the founders)

1960s (their students)

1970s

1980s

1990s

  • Yoshua Bengio –

  • Hugo de Garis – known for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays.

  • Geoffrey Hinton

  • * Yann LeCun – former Chief AI Scientist at Meta Platforms, Executive Chairman of AMI Labs (Advanced Machine Intelligence Labs), and founding director of the NYU Center for Data Science.

  • Ray Kurzweil – developed optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, and speech recognition systems. He has also authored multiple books on artificial intelligence and its potential promise and peril. In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in a full-time director of engineering position to "work on new projects involving machine learning and language processing". Google co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one-sentence job description: "to bring natural language understanding to Google".

2000s on

See also

References

Bibliography