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Wikipedia / 23rd United States Congress

The 23rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1833, to March 4, 1835, during the fifth and sixth years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1830 United States census. The Senate had an Anti-Jacksonian or National Republican majority, and the House had a Jacksonian or Democratic majority.

Major events

Major legislation

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

House of Representatives

For the beginning of this congress, the size of the House was increased from 213 seats to 240 seats, following the 1830 United States census.

Leadership

Senate

President pro tempore: Hugh Lawson White (J), until December 15, 1833

House of Representatives

Speaker: Andrew Stevenson (J), until June 2, 1834

  • John Bell (J), after June 2, 1834, elected on the 10th ballot

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

  1. Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1838; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1836.

List of United States senators from AlabamaAlabama

  1. 2. William R. King (J)

  2. 3. Gabriel Moore (NR)

List of United States senators from ConnecticutConnecticut

  1. 1. Nathan Smith (NR)

  2. 3. Gideon Tomlinson (NR)

List of United States senators from DelawareDelaware

  1. 1. Arnold Naudain (NR)

  2. 2. John M. Clayton (NR)

List of United States senators from GeorgiaGeorgia

  1. 2. George Troup (J), until November 8, 1833

    1. John P. King (J), from November 21, 1833

    3. John Forsyth (J), until July 27, 1834

    1. Alfred Cuthbert (J), from January 12, 1835

List of United States senators from IllinoisIllinois

  1. 2. John M. Robinson (J)

  2. 3. Elias K. Kane (J)

List of United States senators from IndianaIndiana

  1. 1. John Tipton (J)

  2. 3. William Hendricks (NR)

List of United States senators from KentuckyKentucky

  1. 2. George M. Bibb (J)

  2. 3. Henry Clay (NR)

List of United States senators from LouisianaLouisiana

  1. 2. George A. Waggaman (NR)

  2. 3. Josiah S. Johnston (NR), until May 19, 1833

    1. Alexander Porter (NR), from December 19, 1833

List of United States senators from MaineMaine

  1. 1. Ether Shepley (J)

  2. 2. Peleg Sprague (NR), until January 1, 1835

    1. John Ruggles (J), from January 20, 1835

List of United States senators from MarylandMaryland

  1. 1. Joseph Kent (NR)

  2. 3. Ezekiel F. Chambers (NR), until December 20, 1834

    1. Robert H. Goldsborough (NR), from January 13, 1835

List of United States senators from MassachusettsMassachusetts

  1. 1. Daniel Webster (NR)

  2. 2. Nathaniel Silsbee (NR)

List of United States senators from MississippiMississippi

  1. 1. John Black (NR), from November 22, 1833

  2. 2. George Poindexter (NR)

List of United States senators from MissouriMissouri

  1. 1. Thomas H. Benton (J)

  2. 3. Alexander Buckner (J), until June 5, 1833

    1. Lewis F. Linn (J), from October 25, 1833

List of United States senators from New HampshireNew Hampshire

  1. 2. Samuel Bell (NR)

  2. 3. Isaac Hill (J)

List of United States senators from New JerseyNew Jersey

  1. 1. Samuel L. Southard (NR)

  2. 2. Theodore Frelinghuysen (NR)

List of United States senators from New YorkNew York

  1. 1. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge (J)

  2. 3. Silas Wright Jr. (J)

List of United States senators from North CarolinaNorth Carolina

  1. 2. Bedford Brown (J)

  2. 3. Willie P. Mangum (NR)

List of United States senators from OhioOhio

  1. 1. Thomas Morris (J)

  2. 3. Thomas Ewing (NR)

List of United States senators from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

  1. 1. Samuel McKean (J), from December 7, 1833

  2. 3. William Wilkins (J), until June 30, 1834

    1. James Buchanan (J), from December 6, 1834

List of United States senators from Rhode IslandRhode Island

  1. 1. Asher Robbins (NR)

  2. 2. Nehemiah R. Knight (NR)

List of United States senators from South CarolinaSouth Carolina

  1. 2. John C. Calhoun (N)

  2. 3. William C. Preston (N), from November 26, 1833

List of United States senators from TennesseeTennessee

  1. 1. Felix Grundy (J)

  2. 2. Hugh Lawson White (J)

List of United States senators from VermontVermont

  1. 1. Benjamin Swift (NR)

  2. 3. Samuel Prentiss (NR)

List of United States senators from VirginiaVirginia

  1. 1. John Tyler (NR)

  2. 2. William Rives (J), until February 22, 1834

    1. Benjamin W. Leigh (NR), from February 26, 1834

House of Representatives

List of United States representatives from AlabamaAlabama

  1. . Clement C. Clay (J)

  2. . John McKinley (J)

  3. . Samuel W. Mardis (J)

  4. . Dixon H. Lewis (N)

  5. . John Murphy (J)

List of United States representatives from ConnecticutConnecticut

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . Noyes Barber (NR)

  2. . William W. Ellsworth (NR), until July 8, 1834

    1. Joseph Trumbull (NR), from December 1, 1834

    . Jabez W. Huntington (NR), until August 16, 1834

    1. Phineas Miner (NR), from December 1, 1834

    . Samuel A. Foote (NR), until May 9, 1834

    1. Ebenezer Jackson Jr. (NR), from December 1, 1834

    . Samuel Tweedy (NR)

  3. . Ebenezer Young (NR)

List of United States representatives from DelawareDelaware

  1. . John J. Milligan (NR)

List of United States representatives from GeorgiaGeorgia

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . Augustin S. Clayton (J)

  2. . John E. Coffee (J)

  3. . Thomas F. Foster (J)

  4. . Roger L. Gamble (J)

  5. . George R. Gilmer (J)

  6. . Seaborn Jones (J)

  7. . William Schley (J)

  8. . James M. Wayne (J), until January 13, 1835, vacant thereafter

  9. . Richard Henry Wilde (J)

List of United States representatives from IllinoisIllinois

  1. . Charles Slade (J), until July 26, 1834

    1. John Reynolds (J), from December 1, 1834

    . Zadok Casey (J)

  2. . Joseph Duncan (J), until September 21, 1834

    1. William L. May (J), from December 1, 1834

List of United States representatives from IndianaIndiana

  1. . Ratliff Boon (J)

  2. . John Ewing (NR)

  3. . John Carr (J)

  4. . Amos Lane (J)

  5. . Johnathan McCarty (J)

  6. . George L. Kinnard (J)

  7. . Edward A. Hannegan (J)

List of United States representatives from KentuckyKentucky

  1. . Chittenden Lyon (J)

  2. . Albert G. Hawes (J)

  3. . Christopher Tompkins (NR)

  4. . Martin Beaty (NR)

  5. . Robert P. Letcher (NR), from August 6, 1834

  6. . Thomas Chilton (NR)

  7. . Benjamin Hardin (NR)

  8. . Patrick H. Pope (J)

  9. . James Love (NR)

  10. . Chilton Allan (NR)

  11. . Amos Davis (NR)

  12. . Thomas A. Marshall (NR)

  13. . Richard M. Johnson (J)

List of United States representatives from LouisianaLouisiana

  1. . Edward D. White (NR), until November 15, 1834

    1. Henry Johnson (NR), from December 1, 1834

    . Philemon Thomas (J)

  2. . Henry A. Bullard (NR), until January 4, 1834

    1. Rice Garland (NR), from April 28, 1834

List of United States representatives from MaineMaine

  1. . Rufus McIntire (J)

  2. . Francis O. J. Smith (J)

  3. . Edward Kavanagh (J)

  4. . George Evans (NR)

  5. . Moses Mason Jr. (J)

  6. . Leonard Jarvis (J)

  7. . Joseph Hall (J)

  8. . Gorham Parks (J)

List of United States representatives from MarylandMaryland

  1. . Littleton P. Dennis (NR), until April 14, 1834

    1. John N. Steele (NR), from June 9, 1834

    . Richard B. Carmichael (J)

  2. . James Turner (J)

  3. . James P. Heath (J)

  4. . Isaac McKim (J)

  5. . William Cost Johnson (NR)

  6. . Francis Thomas (J)

  7. . John T. Stoddert (J)

List of United States representatives from MassachusettsMassachusetts

  1. . Benjamin Gorham (NR)

  2. . Rufus Choate (NR), until June 30, 1834

    1. Stephen C. Phillips (NR), from December 1, 1834

    . Gayton P. Osgood (J)

  3. . Edward Everett (NR)

  4. . John Davis (NR), until January 14, 1834

    1. Levi Lincoln Jr. (NR), from March 5, 1834

    . George Grennell Jr. (NR)

  5. . George N. Briggs (NR)

  6. . Isaac C. Bates (NR)

  7. . William Jackson (AM)

  8. . William Baylies (NR)

  9. . John Reed Jr. (NR)

  10. . John Quincy Adams (AM)

List of United States representatives from MississippiMississippi

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . Harry Cage (J)

  2. . Franklin E. Plummer (J)

List of United States representatives from MissouriMissouri

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . William H. Ashley (J)

  2. . John Bull (NR)

List of United States representatives from New HampshireNew Hampshire

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . Benning M. Bean (J)

  2. . Robert Burns (J)

  3. . Joseph M. Harper (J)

  4. . Henry Hubbard (J)

  5. . Franklin Pierce (J)

List of United States representatives from New JerseyNew Jersey

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . Philemon Dickerson (J)

  2. . Samuel Fowler (J)

  3. . Thomas Lee (J)

  4. . James Parker (J)

  5. . Ferdinand S. Schenck (J)

  6. . William N. Shinn (J)

List of United States representatives from New YorkNew York

There were five plural districts, the 8th, 17th, 22nd & 23rd had two representatives each, the 3rd had four representatives.

  1. . Abel Huntington (J)

  2. . Isaac B. Van Houten (J)

  3. . Churchill C. Cambreleng (J)

  4. . Cornelius V. Lawrence (J), until May 14, 1834

    1. John J. Morgan (J), from December 1, 1834

    . Dudley Selden (J), until July 1, 1834

    1. Charles G. Ferris (J), from December 1, 1834

    . Campbell P. White (J)

  5. . Aaron Ward (J)

  6. . Abraham Bockee (J)

  7. . John W. Brown (J)

  8. . Charles Bodle (J)

  9. . John Adams (J)

  10. . Aaron Vanderpoel (J)

  11. . Job Pierson (J)

  12. . Gerrit Y. Lansing (J)

  13. . John Cramer (J)

  14. . Henry C. Martindale (AM)

  15. . Reuben Whallon (J)

  16. . Ransom H. Gillet (J)

  17. . Charles McVean (J)

  18. . Abijah Mann Jr. (J)

  19. . Samuel Beardsley (J)

  20. . Joel Turrill (J)

  21. . Daniel Wardwell (J)

  22. . Sherman Page (J)

  23. . Noadiah Johnson (J)

  24. . Henry Mitchell (J)

  25. . Nicoll Halsey (J)

  26. . Samuel G. Hathaway (J)

  27. . William K. Fuller (J)

  28. . William Taylor (J)

  29. . Rowland Day (J)

  30. . Samuel Clark (J)

  31. . John Dickson (AM)

  32. . Edward Howell (J)

  33. . Frederick Whittlesey (AM)

  34. . George W. Lay (AM)

  35. . Philo C. Fuller (AM)

  36. . Abner Hazeltine (AM)

  37. . Millard Fillmore (AM)

  38. . Gideon Hard (AM)

List of United States representatives from North CarolinaNorth Carolina

  1. . William B. Shepard (NR)

  2. . Jesse A. Bynum (J)

  3. . Thomas H. Hall (J)

  4. . Jesse Speight (J)

  5. . James I. McKay (J)

  6. . Micajah T. Hawkins (J)

  7. . Edmund Deberry (NR)

  8. . Daniel L. Barringer (NR)

  9. . Augustine H. Shepperd (NR)

  10. . Abraham Rencher (NR)

  11. . Henry W. Connor (J)

  12. . James Graham (NR)

  13. . Lewis Williams (NR)

List of United States representatives from OhioOhio

  1. . Robert T. Lytle (J), until March 10, 1834, and from December 27, 1834

  2. . Taylor Webster (J)

  3. . Joseph H. Crane (NR)

  4. . Thomas Corwin (NR)

  5. . Thomas L. Hamer (J)

  6. . Samuel F. Vinton (NR)

  7. . William Allen (J)

  8. . Jeremiah McLene (J)

  9. . John Chaney (J)

  10. . Joseph Vance (NR)

  11. . James M. Bell (NR)

  12. . Robert Mitchell (J)

  13. . David Spangler (NR)

  14. . William Patterson (J)

  15. . Jonathan Sloane (AM)

  16. . Elisha Whittlesey (AM)

  17. . John Thomson (J)

  18. . Benjamin Jones (J)

  19. . Humphrey H. Leavitt (J), until July 10, 1834

    1. Daniel Kilgore (J), from December 1, 1834

List of United States representatives from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

There were two plural districts, the 2nd had two representatives, the 4th had three representatives.

  1. . Joel B. Sutherland (J)

  2. . Horace Binney (NR)

  3. . James Harper (NR)

  4. . John G. Watmough (NR)

  5. . Edward Darlington (AM)

  6. . William Hiester (AM)

  7. . David Potts Jr. (AM)

  8. . Joel K. Mann (J)

  9. . Robert Ramsey (J)

  10. . David D. Wagener (J)

  11. . Henry King (J)

  12. . Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (J)

  13. . William Clark (AM)

  14. . Charles A. Barnitz (AM)

  15. . George Chambers (AM)

  16. . Jesse Miller (J)

  17. . Joseph Henderson (J)

  18. . Andrew Beaumont (J)

  19. . Joseph B. Anthony (J)

  20. . John Laporte (J)

  21. . George Burd (NR)

  22. . Richard Coulter (J)

  23. . Andrew Stewart (AM)

  24. . Thomas M. T. McKennan (AM)

  25. . Harmar Denny (AM)

  26. . Samuel S. Harrison (J)

  27. . John Banks (AM)

  28. . John Galbraith (J)

List of United States representatives from Rhode IslandRhode Island

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

  1. . Tristam Burges (NR)

  2. . Dutee J. Pearce (AM)

List of United States representatives from South CarolinaSouth Carolina

  1. . Henry L. Pinckney (N)

  2. . William J. Grayson (N)

  3. . Thomas D. Singleton (N), until November 25, 1833

    1. Robert B. Campbell (N), from February 27, 1834

    . John Myers Felder (N)

  4. . George McDuffie (N), until ????, 1834

    1. Francis W. Pickens (N), from December 8, 1834

    . Warren R. Davis (N), until January 29, 1835, vacant thereafter

  5. . William K. Clowney (N)

  6. . James Blair (J), until April 1, 1834

    1. Richard I. Manning (J), from December 8, 1834

    . John K. Griffin (N)

List of United States representatives from TennesseeTennessee

  1. . John Blair (J)

  2. . Samuel Bunch (J)

  3. . Luke Lea (J)

  4. . James I. Standifer (J)

  5. . John B. Forester (J)

  6. . Balie Peyton (J)

  7. . John Bell (J)

  8. . David W. Dickinson (J)

  9. . James K. Polk (J)

  10. . William M. Inge (J)

  11. . Cave Johnson (J)

  12. . David Crockett (NR)

  13. . William C. Dunlap (J)

List of United States representatives from VermontVermont

  1. . Hiland Hall (NR)

  2. . William Slade (AM)

  3. . Horace Everett (NR)

  4. . Heman Allen (NR)

  5. . Benjamin F. Deming (AM), until July 11, 1834

    1. Henry F. Janes (AM), from December 2, 1834

List of United States representatives from VirginiaVirginia

  1. . George Loyall (J)

  2. . John Y. Mason (J)

  3. . William S. Archer (J)

  4. . James H. Gholson (NR)

  5. . John Randolph (J), until May 24, 1833

    1. Thomas T. Bouldin (J), from December 2, 1833, until February 11, 1834

    2. James W. Bouldin (J), from March 28, 1834

    . Thomas Davenport (NR)

  6. . Nathaniel H. Claiborne (J)

  7. . Henry A. Wise (J)

  8. . William P. Taylor (NR)

  9. . Joseph W. Chinn (J)

  10. . Andrew Stevenson (J), until June 2, 1834

    1. John Robertson (NR), from December 1, 1834

    . William F. Gordon (J)

  11. . John M. Patton (J)

  12. . Charles F. Mercer (NR)

  13. . Edward Lucas (J)

  14. . James M. H. Beale (J)

  15. . Samuel M. Moore (NR)

  16. . John H. Fulton (J)

  17. . William McComas (J)

  18. . John J. Allen (NR)

  19. . Edgar C. Wilson (NR)

Non-voting members

  1. . Ambrose H. Sevier (J)

  2. . Joseph M. White (J)

  3. . Lucius Lyon (J)

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

|- | South Carolina(3) | colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Vacant since March 3, 1833, due to the resignation of Stephen Decatur Miller (N).Successor was elected November 26, 1833. | | William C. Preston (N) | November 26, 1833

|- | Mississippi(1) | colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Vacant from the start of this Congress due to the state legislature's failure to elect.Appointee who had held the seat at the end of the previous Congress was elected November 22, 1833. | | John Black (NR) | November 22, 1833

|- | Pennsylvania(1) | colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Vacant from the start of this Congress due to the state legislature's failure to elect.Successor was elected December 7, 1833. | | Samuel McKean (J) | December 7, 1833

|- | Louisiana(3) | | Josiah S. Johnston (NR) | style="font-size:80%" | Died May 19, 1833.Successor was elected December 19, 1833. | | Alexander Porter (NR) | December 19, 1833

|- | Missouri(3) | | Alexander Buckner (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Died June 6, 1833.Successor was appointed December 19, 1833, and subsequently elected to finish the term. | | Lewis F. Linn (J) | October 25, 1833

|- | Georgia(2) | | George Troup (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned November 8, 1833.Successor was elected November 21, 1833. | | John P. King (D) | November 21, 1833

|- | Virginia(2) | | William Rives (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned February 22, 1834.Successor was elected February 26, 1834. | | Benjamin W. Leigh (NR) | February 26, 1834

|- | Pennsylvania(3) | | William Wilkins (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned June 30, 1834, to become U.S. Minister to Russia.Successor elected December 6, 1834. | | James Buchanan (J) | December 6, 1834

|- | Georgia(3) | | John Forsyth (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 27, 1834, to become U.S. Secretary of State.Successor elected January 12, 1835. | | Alfred Cuthbert (J) | January 12, 1835

|- | Maryland(3) | | Ezekiel F. Chambers (NR) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned December 20, 1834, to become judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals.Successor elected January 13, 1835. | | Robert H. Goldsborough (NR) | January 13, 1835

|- | Maine(2) | | Peleg Sprague (NR) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned January 1, 1835.Successor elected January 20, 1835. | | John Ruggles (J) | January 20, 1835 |}

House of Representatives

Replacements: 18

|- | | Vacant | Contested election of Thomas P. Moore. House denied either party the seat and declared new election | | Robert P. Letcher (NR) | Seated August 6, 1834

|- | | | Joel B. Sutherland (J) | Resigned before the term to become a judge, but then left that judgeship to seek his old seat and re-elected October 8, 1833. | | Joel B. Sutherland (J) | Seated December 2, 1833

|- | | | John Randolph (J) | Died May 24, 1833 | | Thomas T. Bouldin (J) | Seated December 2, 1833 |- | | | Thomas D. Singleton (N) | Died November 25, 1833 | | Robert B. Campbell (N) | Seated February 27, 1834 |- | | | George McDuffie (N) | Resigned some time in 1834. | | Francis W. Pickens (N) | Seated December 8, 1834 |- | | | Henry A. Bullard (NR) | Resigned January 4, 1834, after being appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana | | Rice Garland (NR) | Seated April 28, 1834 |- | | | John Davis (NR) | Resigned January 14, 1834, after being elected Governor of Massachusetts | | Levi Lincoln (NR) | Seated March 5, 1834 |- | | | Thomas T. Bouldin (J) | Died February 11, 1834 | | James W. Bouldin (J) | Seated March 28, 1834 |- | | | Robert T. Lytle (J) | Resigned March 10, 1834 | | Robert T. Lytle (J) | Re-seated December 27, 1834 |- | | | James Blair (J) | Died April 1, 1834 | | Richard I. Manning (J) | Seated December 8, 1834 |- | | | Littleton P. Dennis (J) | Died April 14, 1834 | | John N. Steele (J) | Seated June 9, 1834 |- | | | Samuel A. Foot (NR) | Resigned May 9, 1834, after becoming Governor of Connecticut | | Ebenezer Jackson Jr. (NR) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Cornelius V. Lawrence (J) | Resigned May 14, 1834, after becoming Mayor of New York City. This was a plural district with 4 representatives. | | John J. Morgan (J) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Andrew Stevenson (J) | Resigned June 2, 1834 | | John Robertson (NR) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Rufus Choate (NR) | Resigned June 30, 1834 | | Stephen C. Phillips (NR) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Dudley Selden (J) | Resigned July 1, 1834. This was a plural district with 4 representatives. | | Charles G. Ferris (J) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | William W. Ellsworth (NR) | Resigned July 8, 1834 | | Joseph Trumbull (NR) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Humphrey H. Leavitt (J) | Resigned July 10, 1834, after becoming judge of the US District Court of Ohio | | Daniel Kilgore (J) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Benjamin F. Deming (AM) | Died July 11, 1834 | | Henry F. Janes (AM) | Seated December 2, 1834 |- | | | Charles Slade (J) | Died July 26, 1834 | | John Reynolds (J) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Jabez W. Huntington (NR) | Resigned August 16, 1834, after being appointed judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors | | Phineas Miner (NR) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Joseph Duncan (J) | Resigned September 21, 1834, after being elected Governor of Illinois | | William L. May (J) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | Edward D. White (NR) | Resigned November 15, 1834, to become Governor of Louisiana | | Henry Johnson (NR) | Seated December 1, 1834 |- | | | James M. Wayne (J) | Resigned January 13, 1835, after being appointed an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court | colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Not filled in this Congress |- | | | Warren R. Davis (N) | Died January 29, 1835 |}

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

House of Representatives

Joint committees

Employees

Senate

Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly, until December 9, 1833

Chaplain: Charles C. Pise (Roman Catholic), until December 10, 1833

House of Representatives

Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke, until December 2, 1833

Sergeant at Arms: John O. Dunn, until December 6, 1833

Chaplain: William H. Hammett (Methodist), until December 9, 1833

See also

1832 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)

1834 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)

Notes

References