An undefined variable in the source code of a computer program is a variable that is accessed in the code but has not been declared by that code.

In some programming languages, an implicit declaration is provided the first time such a variable is encountered at compile time. In other languages such a usage is considered to be sufficiently serious that a diagnostic being issued and the compilation fails.

Some language definitions initially used the implicit declaration behavior and as they matured provided an option to disable it (e.g. Perl's "use warnings" or Visual Basic's "Option Explicit").

Examples

The following provides some examples of how various programming language implementations respond to undefined variables. Each code snippet is followed by an error message (if any).

CLISPCLISP

*** - EVAL: variable X has no value

C (programming language)C

foo.c: In function `main':
foo.c:2: error: `x' undeclared (first use in this function)
foo.c:2: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once
foo.c:2: error: for each function it appears in.)

JavaScriptJavaScript

A ReferenceError only happens if the same piece of executed code has a or a (but not ) declaration later on, or if the code is executed in strict mode. In all other cases, the variable will have the special value .

 ReferenceError: x is not defined
 Source File: file:///c:/temp/foo.js

Lua (programming language)Lua

(no error, continuing)

nil

Standard MLML (Standard ML of New Jersey)

stdIn:1.9 Error: unbound variable or constructor: x

MUMPSMUMPS

Set Y=X

<UNDEF>

OCamlOCaml

Unbound value x

PerlPerl

(no error)

PHPPHP 5

(no error)

PHP Notice:  Undefined variable: x in foo.php on line 3

Python (programming language)Python

Python 3

Python 2.4

REXXREXX

+++ Error 30 in line 2: Label not found

Ruby (programming language)Ruby

Tcl (programming language)Tcl

VBScriptVBScript

(no error)

(3, 1) Microsoft VBScript runtime error: Variable is undefined: 'x'

References