Yalë language on arvau

Wikipedia / Yalë language

The Yalë language, also known as Yadë, Nagatman, or Nagatiman, is spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea. It may be related to the Kwomtari languages, but Palmer (2018) classifies it as a language isolate.

There were 600 speakers in 1991 and 30 monolinguals at an unrecorded date. Yalë is spoken in Nagatiman () and several other villages of Green River Rural LLG in Sandaun Province. Foley (2018) reports a total of six villages.

Yalë is in extensive trade and contact with Busa, a likely language isolate spoken just to the south. Yalë has complex verbal inflection and SOV word order.

Phonology

The linguist Aidan Aannested, in a work from 2020, gives the following phonology for Yadë (Yalë):

"dd" is pronounced as a trilled
See the source for more information regarding allophones- the ones listed are just the common occurrences.

Each vowel has a wide range of possible realizations, most notably /u/, which has:

/y/, /ʉ/, /ʊ/, and /u̟/

Grammar

Verbs

Verbal conjugation affixes are:

-d: generic marker
-t: transitive marker
-b: intransitive marker

Nouns

Most nouns are not pluralized, and only nouns with human or animate reference or with high local salience may be pluralized using the suffix -rɛ ~ -re:

nɛba 'child' → nɛba-re /child-PL/ ‘children’
ama 'dog' → ama-re /dog-PL/ ‘dogs’
dife 'village' → dife-rɛ /village-PL/ ‘villages’

Other plural nouns are irregular:

aya 'father' → aya-nino /father-PL/ ‘fathers’
mise ‘woman’ → one ‘women’

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns are:

! Person!! Singular !! Plural |- ! 1st | bo || se ~ sebo |- ! 2nd | ju || so ~ sobo |- ! 3rd | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | bu |}

Basic vocabulary

The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad and Dye (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Yalë |- | head || ʌsu |- | hair || ʌsʌǏahuᵽa |- | ear || ąhuǏuʔ |- | eye || na:ba |- | nose || yɛlu |- | tongue || aǏižiʔ |- | louse || mibaʔ |- | dog || kaliʔ |- | pig || gǏɛǏiʔ |- | bird || pʋlɛʔ |- | egg || kah |- | blood || wi:nuʔ |- | bone || ɛlɛ:b̶u |- | skin || žib̶uʔ |- | breast || ma:ba |- | tree || ti: |- | woman || mɩsɛʔ |- | water || tuʔ |- | fire || ahuʐiʔ |- | stone || anɩziʔ |- | road, path || ařʌgɛʔ |- | eat || hiɛǏɛ |- | one || žuwaʔ |- | two || teǏɛʔ |}