In topology, a branch of mathematics, local flatness is a smoothness condition that can be imposed on topological submanifolds. In the category of topological manifolds, locally flat submanifolds play a role similar to that of embedded submanifolds in the category of smooth manifolds. Violations of local flatness describe ridge networks and crumpled structures, with applications to materials processing and mechanical engineering.

Definition

Suppose a d dimensional manifold N is embedded into an n dimensional manifold M (where d n we say N is locally flat at x of x such that the topological pair is homeomorphic such that the image. In diagrammatic terms, the following square must commute:

We call N locally flat in M if N is called locally flat, even if it is not an embedding, if every x in N has a neighborhood U is locally flat in M.

In manifolds with boundary

The above definition assumes that, if M has a boundary, x is not a boundary point of M. If x is a point on the boundary of M then the definition is modified as follows. We say that N is locally flat at a boundary point x of M of x is a standard half-space is included as a standard subspace of its boundary.

Consequences

Local flatness of an embedding implies strong properties not shared by all embeddings. Brown (1962) proved that if d = n 1, then N is collared; that is, it has a neighborhood which is homeomorphic to N × [0,1] with N itself corresponding to N × 1/2 (if N is in the interior of M) or N × 0 (if N is in the boundary of M).

Non-example

.

See also

• Euclidean space

• Neat submanifold

References

• Brown, Morton (1962), Locally flat imbeddings of topological manifolds. Annals of Mathematics, Second series, Vol. 75 (1962), pp.331–341.

• Mazur, Barry. On embeddings of spheres. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 65 (1959), no. 2, pp.59–65. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183523034.