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Wikipedia / Turbinidae

Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.

Description

Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae or top snails, which have a corneous operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture or that would break the shell at the outer lip. These operculum are rounded ovals that are flat with a swirl design on one side and domed on the other. They are known as Pacific cat's eye or Shiva eye shells or mermaid money, and are used for decorative purposes.

Etymology

The common name turban snail presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name Turbo, which is Latin for spinning top, a child's toy. The word turbine has a similar derivation.

Taxonomy

Previously they were classified in the subclass Prosobranchia, in the order Archaeogastropoda in the superfamily Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian period 298 to 250 million years ago. They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.

2005 taxonomy

Turbinidae belongs to superfamily Turbinoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):

  • Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941

  • Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868

Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917

  • tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960

  • tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995

  • tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960

  • tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960

    Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

  • † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

  • Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is a spelling error.

  • Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924

  • Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008 taxonomy

Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008): Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae within Phasianelloidea, Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.

This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):

  • Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941

  • Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)

Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) - upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae

  • tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)

  • tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990

  • tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993

  • Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971: upgraded to the rank of family Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

  • Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae:

Distribution

Turbinids occur in shallow and deep waters. The family has a large distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters. Over the last 50 years a noticeable decline in both size and quantity of turban snail population has been observed by Ama divers of several regions of Japan.

Genera

Genera in the family Turbinidae include:

  1. Not belonging to any subfamily:

  2. Phanerolepida Dall, 1907

  3. Tropidomarga Powell, 1951

  4. Turbininae

  5. Astraea Röding, 1798

  6. Astralium Link, 1807

  7. Bellastraea Iredale, 1924

  8. Bolma Risso, 1826

  9. Cookia Lesson, 1832

  10. Guildfordia Gray, 1850

  11. Lithopoma Gray, 1850

  12. Lunella Röding, 1798

  13. Megastraea McLean, 1970

  14. Modelia Gray, 1850

  15. Pomaulax Gray, 1850

  16. Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus

  17. Uvanilla Gray, 1850

  18. Yaronia Mienis, 2011

  19. Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

  20. Prisogaster Mörch, 1850

  21. Genera brought into synonymy:

  22. Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798

  23. Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832

  24. Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850

  25. Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  26. Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798

  27. Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810

  28. Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865

  29. Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  30. Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758

  31. Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  32. Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  33. Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  34. Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758

  35. Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  36. Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798

  37. † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  38. Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847

  39. Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758

  40. Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  41. Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

  42. Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924

  43. Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867

  44. Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  45. † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  46. † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  47. Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850

  48. Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  49. Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  50. Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810

  51. Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810

  52. Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  53. Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  54. Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807

  55. Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915

  56. Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877

  57. Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880

  58. † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826

  59. Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

References

  • Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949–1004.

  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.

  • Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.