This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL based

ALGOL (also under Fortran)

• Atlas Autocode

ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)

• MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)

ALGOL 60

• MAD/I

• Simula (see also Simula based)

SETL

ABC

Python

• Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)

• Nim (also under Oberon)

• Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)

• Boo

• Cobra (syntax and features)

• ALGOL 68

ALGOL W

Pascal

Ada

• SPARK

• PL/SQL

Turbo Pascal

Object Pascal (Delphi)

• Free Pascal (FPC)

• Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux)

Euclid

• Concurrent Euclid

Turing

• Turing+ (Turing Plus)

• Object-Oriented Turing

Mesa

Modula-2

• Modula-3

Oberon (Oberon-1)

Go (also under C)

• V (Vlang)

• Nim (also under Python)

Oberon-2

• Component Pascal

Active Oberon

• Zonnon

• Oberon-07

• Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)

SUE

• Plus

CPL

BCPL

B

• C (see also C based)

APL based

APL

• A+

• J (also under FL)

• K (also under LISP)

• NESL

• PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC based

BASIC (also under Fortran II)

• AmigaBASIC

• Applesoft BASIC

• AMOS BASIC

• BASIC Stamp

• Basic-256

• BASIC09

• BBC Basic

Blitz BASIC

• Blitz3D

• BlitzMax

• BlitzPlus

• Business Basic

• Caché Basic

• Chinese BASIC

• Color BASIC

• COMAL

• Commodore BASIC

DarkBASIC

• DarkBASIC Professional

Dartmouth BASIC

HP Time-Shared BASIC

• Integer BASIC or Apple BASIC

Tiny BASIC

• Atari BASIC

• Euphoria

• GLBasic

• GRASS

Altair BASIC

Microsoft BASIC

GW-BASIC

QuickBASIC

QBasic

• Basic4GL

• FreeBASIC

Liberty BASIC

• Run BASIC

Visual Basic

• VBScript

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

• LotusScript

Visual Basic .NET

• Small Basic

• B4X

• Basic for Qt

• OpenOffice Basic

• HBasic

• Gambas

• WinWrap Basic

• WordBasic

• QB64

• PureBasic

• REALbasic (Xojo)

• TI-BASIC

• True BASIC

Turbo Basic

• PowerBASIC

wxBasic

SdlBasic

• RCBasic

• XBasic

• YaBasic

Batch languages

MS-DOS Batch files

• Winbatch

• CLIST

• IBM Control Language (CL)

• IBM Job Control Language (JCL)

C based

C (also under BCPL)

• Lua

• Alef

C++

• Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml)

• D

C#

• Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl)

• Cobra (class/object model and other features)

• Java (see also Java based)

• C--

Cyclone

• Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml)

• ColdFusion

Go (also under Oberon)

• V (Vlang)

Harbour

• Limbo

LPC

• Pike

Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)

• Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)

• PCASTL (also under Lisp)

Perl

• Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh)

• S2

• PHP

Ruby (also under Smalltalk)

• Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL)

• Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)

• Crystal

• Elixir (also under Erlang)

• PDL (also under APL)

• Raku

• QuakeC

• tcsh (also under sh)

C# based

C#

• Chapel

• Clojure

• Crystal

• D

• J#

• Dart

• F#

• Hack

• Java

• Kotlin

• Nemerle

• Oxygene

• Rust

• Swift

• Vala

• TypeScript

COBOL based

COBOL

• ABAP

• DIBOL

• WATBOL

COMIT based

COMIT

SNOBOL

Icon

• Unicon

• Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)

DCL based

DCL

• Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)

ed based

ed (programming language)

• sed

AWK

• Perl (also under C)

Eiffel based

Eiffel

• Cobra (design by contract)

• Sather

• Ubercode

Forth based

Forth

InterPress

• PostScript

Joy

• Factor

• Rebol (also under Lisp)

• RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran based

Fortran

Fortran II

• BASIC (see also BASIC based)

• SAKO

Fortran IV

• WATFOR

• WATFIV

Fortran 66

• FORMAC

• Ratfor

Fortran 77

• WATFOR-77

• Ratfiv

• Fortran 90

Fortran 95

• F

• Fortran 2003

• Fortran 2008

• Fortran 2018

• ALGOL (see also ALGOL based)

FP based

FP (Function Programming)

FL (Function Level)

• J (also under APL)

• FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)

HyperTalk based

HyperTalk

• ActionScript (also under JavaScript)

• AppleScript

• LiveCode (Formerly Transcript)

• SenseTalk

• SuperTalk

Java based

Java (also under C)

• Ateji PX

• C#

• Ceylon

• Fantom

• Groovy

• OptimJ

• Processing

• Scala

• Join Java

• J#

• Kotlin

• X10

JavaScript based

JavaScript (also under Scheme, Self)

ActionScript (also under HyperTalk)

• Haxe

• Asm.js

• CoffeeScript

• ECMAScript

• JavaScript OSA

• JScript

TypeScript

• AssemblyScript

JOSS based

JOSS

• CAL

• TELCOMP

• FOCAL

MUMPS

• Caché ObjectScript

JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.

Lisp based

Lisp

• Arc

• AutoLISP

• Clojure

Common Lisp

• uLisp (Common Lisp subset for microcontrollers)

ECMAScript (also based on Self)

• JavaScript (also based on Self)

• Emacs Lisp

• ISLISP

• Interlisp

• Julia (has Lisp-like macros, but ALGOL-like syntax) (also under Python, Ruby, ALGOL)

• K (also under APL)

• LFE

Logo

• Turtle graphics

• MacLisp

• Nu

• PicoLisp

Rebol

• Red (programming language)

• RPL (also under Forth)

S

R

• PCASTL (also under ALGOL)

Scheme

• GNU Guile

• Racket

• Hop

• Pico

• T

• Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)

ML based

ML

• Standard ML (SML)

Caml

OCaml

• F#

• Reason

• Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and Haskell)

PL/I based

PL/I

• PL/M

• PL/C

Rexx

• Object REXX (also under Smalltalk)

• SP/k

• XPL

Prolog based

Prolog

• CLP(R), CLP(FD)

• Mercury

Erlang

• Cuneiform

• Elixir (also under Ruby)

• Logtalk

SASL based

SASL

• Kent Recursive Calculator

Miranda

Haskell

• Agda

• Elm

• Idris

• Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and OCaml)

• Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Objective-C)

• PureScript

• Nix

SETL based

SETL

ABC

Python (also under ALGOL)

• Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)

• Nim (also under Oberon)

• Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)

• Boo

• Cobra (syntax and features)

sh based

Sh

• bash

csh (also under C)

• tcsh

• Hamilton C shell

• fish

• zsh

ksh

• Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl)

• Qshell

Simula based

Simula (also under ALGOL 60)

• C++ (also under C)

Smalltalk

Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)

• Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)

• Cobra (support both dynamic and static types)

Ruby (also under Perl)

• Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)

• Elixir (also under Erlang)

Self

• JavaScript (also under Scheme) (see also JavaScript based)

NewtonScript

• Io

• Object REXX (also under Rexx)

• BETA

Tcl based

Tcl

• Expect

• Tea

Others

• Assembly

• BLISS

• CORAL

• Curl

• GPSS

• IDL

LabVIEW

• NXT-G

• Microsoft Power Fx

• occam

• POP-2, POP-11

• REFAL

• RPG (Report Program Generator)

• Seed7

• SQL (Structured Query Language)

• TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language)

• TUTOR

Joule

E

• Pony

References

External links

• Diagram & history of programming languages