Wikipedia / 21st United States Congress
Wikipedia / 21st United States Congress
The 21st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1831, during the first two years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority.
Major events
March 4, 1829: Andrew Jackson became 7th President of the United States
May 10–14, 1830: Confrontational meetings between the French Chargé d'affaires in Washington DC and a group of leaders consisting of Mark Alexander, William S. Archer, Robert H. Adams, Thomas Hinds, Dixon H. Lewis, Clement Comer Clay, Powhatan Ellis and John McKinley grew incredibly contentious and hostile. Arguments began when the aforementioned representatives and senators charged that France owed the United States reparations from damages incurred during the Quasi-War. At one point Thomas Hinds threatened the French Chargé d'affaires with a pistol. Eventually, only intervention by John Forsyth prevented a major diplomatic incident. Shortly after this the governor of Virginia John Floyd formally asked France's economic attaché to leave Virginia. This foreshadowed conflict with France over the same issue that would dominate American politics in 1835, at that point the main instigator on the American side would be President Andrew Jackson.
May 28 US congress passes the Indian Removal Act.
September 27 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with Choctaw nation. (First removal treaty signed after the Removal Act.)
Major legislation
May 28, 1830: Indian Removal Act, ch. 148,
Not enacted
May 27, 1830: Maysville Road Bill vetoed
Treaties
September 27, 1830: The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty after the passage of the Indian Removal Act, is signed with the Choctaw.
February 24, 1831: Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek proclaimed.
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
House of Representatives
Leadership
Senate
House of Representatives
Speaker: Andrew Stevenson (J)
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1832; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, facing re-election in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1830.
List of United States senators from AlabamaAlabama
2. William R. King (J)
3. John McKinley (J)
List of United States senators from ConnecticutConnecticut
1. Samuel A. Foot (NR)
3. Calvin Willey (NR)
List of United States senators from DelawareDelaware
1. Louis McLane (J), until April 16, 1829
Arnold Naudain (NR), from January 7, 1830
2. John M. Clayton (NR)
List of United States senators from GeorgiaGeorgia
2. George M. Troup (J)
3. John Macpherson Berrien (J), until March 9, 1829
John Forsyth (J), from November 9, 1829
List of United States senators from IllinoisIllinois
2. John McLean (J), until October 14, 1830
David J. Baker (J), November 12, 1830 – December 11, 1830
John M. Robinson (J), from December 11, 1830
3. Elias Kane (J)
List of United States senators from IndianaIndiana
1. James Noble (NR), until February 26, 1831, vacant for remainder of term
3. William Hendricks (NR)
List of United States senators from KentuckyKentucky
2. George M. Bibb (J)
3. John Rowan (J)
List of United States senators from LouisianaLouisiana
2. Edward Livingston (J)
3. Josiah S. Johnston (NR)
List of United States senators from MaineMaine
1. John Holmes (NR)
2. Peleg Sprague (NR)
List of United States senators from MarylandMaryland
1. Samuel Smith (J)
3. Ezekiel F. Chambers (NR)
List of United States senators from MassachusettsMassachusetts
1. Daniel Webster (NR)
2. Nathaniel Silsbee (NR)
List of United States senators from MississippiMississippi
1. Powhatan Ellis (J)
2. Thomas B. Reed (J), until November 26, 1829
Robert H. Adams (J), January 6, 1830 – July 2, 1830
George Poindexter (J), from October 15, 1830
List of United States senators from MissouriMissouri
1. Thomas H. Benton (J)
3. David Barton (NR)
List of United States senators from New HampshireNew Hampshire
2. Samuel Bell (NR)
3. Levi Woodbury (J)
List of United States senators from New JerseyNew Jersey
1. Mahlon Dickerson (J)
2. Theodore Frelinghuysen (NR)
List of United States senators from New YorkNew York
1. Charles E. Dudley (J)
3. Nathan Sanford (NR)
List of United States senators from North CarolinaNorth Carolina
2. John Branch (J), until March 9, 1829
Bedford Brown (J), from December 9, 1829
3. James Iredell Jr. (J)
List of United States senators from OhioOhio
1. Benjamin Ruggles (NR)
3. Jacob Burnet (NR)
List of United States senators from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
1. Isaac D. Barnard (J)
3. William Marks (NR)
List of United States senators from Rhode IslandRhode Island
1. Asher Robbins (NR)
2. Nehemiah R. Knight (NR)
List of United States senators from South CarolinaSouth Carolina
2. Robert Y. Hayne (J)
3. William Smith (J)
List of United States senators from TennesseeTennessee
1. John H. Eaton (J), until March 9, 1829
Felix Grundy (J), from October 19, 1829
2. Hugh Lawson White (J)
List of United States senators from VermontVermont
1. Horatio Seymour (NR)
3. Dudley Chase (NR)
List of United States senators from VirginiaVirginia
1. John Tyler (J)
2. Littleton W. Tazewell (J)
House of Representatives
Representatives are listed by their districts.
List of United States representatives from AlabamaAlabama
. Clement C. Clay (J)
. R. E. B. Baylor (J)
. Dixon H. Lewis (J)
List of United States representatives from ConnecticutConnecticut
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. Noyes Barber (NR)
. William W. Ellsworth (NR)
. Jabez W. Huntington (NR)
. Ralph I. Ingersoll (NR)
. William L. Storrs (NR)
. Ebenezer Young (NR)
List of United States representatives from DelawareDelaware
. Kensey Johns Jr. (NR)
List of United States representatives from GeorgiaGeorgia
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. Thomas F. Foster (J)
. Charles E. Haynes (J)
. Henry G. Lamar (J), from December 7, 1829
. Wilson Lumpkin (J)
. Wiley Thompson (J)
. James M. Wayne (J)
. Richard Henry Wilde (J)
List of United States representatives from IllinoisIllinois
. Joseph Duncan (J)
List of United States representatives from IndianaIndiana
. Ratliff Boon (J)
. Jonathan Jennings (NR)
. John Test (NR)
List of United States representatives from KentuckyKentucky
. Henry Daniel (J)
. Nicholas D. Coleman (J)
. James Clark (NR)
. Robert P. Letcher (NR)
. Richard M. Johnson (J)
. Joseph Lecompte (J)
. John Kincaid (J)
. Nathan Gaither (J)
. Charles A. Wickliffe (J)
. Joel Yancey (J)
. Thomas Chilton (J)
. Chittenden Lyon (J)
List of United States representatives from LouisianaLouisiana
. Edward D. White (NR)
. Henry H. Gurley (NR)
. Walter H. Overton (J)
List of United States representatives from MaineMaine
. Rufus McIntire (J)
. John Anderson (J)
. Joseph F. Wingate (NR)
. George Evans (NR), from July 20, 1829
. James W. Ripley (J), until March 12, 1830
Cornelius Holland (J), from December 6, 1830
. Leonard Jarvis (J)
. Samuel Butman (NR)
List of United States representatives from MarylandMaryland
The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.
. Clement Dorsey (NR)
. Benedict J. Semmes (NR)
. George C. Washington (NR)
. Michael C. Sprigg (J)
. Elias Brown (J)
. Benjamin C. Howard (J)
. George E. Mitchell (J), from December 7, 1829
. Richard Spencer (J)
. Ephraim K. Wilson (J)
List of United States representatives from MassachusettsMassachusetts
. Benjamin Gorham (NR)
. Benjamin W. Crowninshield (NR)
. John Varnum (NR)
. Edward Everett (NR)
. John Davis (NR)
. Joseph G. Kendall (NR)
. George J. Grennell Jr. (NR)
. Isaac C. Bates (NR)
. Henry W. Dwight (NR)
. John Bailey (NR)
. Joseph Richardson (NR)
. James L. Hodges (NR)
. John Reed Jr. (NR)
List of United States representatives from MississippiMississippi
. Thomas Hinds (J)
List of United States representatives from MissouriMissouri
. Spencer D. Pettis (J)
List of United States representatives from New HampshireNew Hampshire
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. John Brodhead (J)
. Thomas Chandler (J)
. Joseph Hammons (J)
. Jonathan Harvey (J)
. Henry Hubbard (J)
. John W. Weeks (J)
List of United States representatives from New JerseyNew Jersey
All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. Lewis Condict (NR)
. Richard M. Cooper (NR)
. Thomas H. Hughes (NR)
. Isaac Pierson (NR)
. James F. Randolph (NR)
. Samuel Swan (NR)
List of United States representatives from New YorkNew York
There were three plural districts, the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives.
. James Lent (J)
. Jacob Crocheron (J)
. Churchill C. Cambreleng (J)
. Gulian C. Verplanck (J)
. Campbell P. White (J)
. Henry B. Cowles (NR)
. Abraham Bockee (J)
. Hector Craig (J), until July 12, 1830
Samuel W. Eager (NR), from November 2, 1830
. Charles G. DeWitt (J)
. James Strong (NR)
. John D. Dickinson (NR)
. Ambrose Spencer (NR)
. Perkins King (J)
. Peter I. Borst (J)
. William G. Angel (J)
. Henry R. Storrs (NR)
. Michael Hoffman (J)
. Benedict Arnold (NR)
. John W. Taylor (NR)
. Henry C. Martindale (NR)
. Isaac Finch (NR)
. Joseph Hawkins (NR)
. George Fisher (NR), until February 5, 1830
Jonah Sanford (J), from November 3, 1830
. Robert Monell (J), until February 21, 1831, vacant thereafter
. Thomas Beekman (NR)
. Jonas Earll Jr. (J)
. Gershom Powers (J)
. Thomas Maxwell (J)
. Jehiel H. Halsey (J)
. Robert S. Rose (Anti-M)
. Timothy Childs (Anti-M)
. John Magee (J)
. Phineas L. Tracy (Anti-M)
. Ebenezer F. Norton (J)
List of United States representatives from North CarolinaNorth Carolina
. William B. Shepard (NR)
. Willis Alston (J)
. Thomas H. Hall (J)
. Jesse Speight (J)
. Gabriel Holmes (J), until September 26, 1829
Edward B. Dudley (J), from November 10, 1829
. Robert Potter (J)
. Edmund Deberry (NR)
. Daniel L. Barringer (J)
. Augustine H. Shepperd (J)
. Abraham Rencher (J)
. Henry W. Connor (J)
. Samuel P. Carson (J)
. Lewis Williams (NR)
List of United States representatives from OhioOhio
. James Findlay (J)
. James Shields (J)
. Joseph H. Crane (NR)
. Joseph Vance (NR)
. William Russell (J)
. William Creighton Jr. (NR)
. Samuel F. Vinton (NR)
. William Stanbery (J)
. William W. Irvin (J)
. William Kennon Sr. (J)
. John M. Goodenow (J), until April 9, 1830
Humphrey H. Leavitt (J), from December 6, 1830
. John Thomson (J)
. Elisha Whittlesey (NR)
. Mordecai Bartley (NR)
List of United States representatives from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
There were six plural districts, the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each.
. Joel B. Sutherland (J)
. Joseph Hemphill (J)
. Daniel H. Miller (J)
. James Buchanan (J)
. Joshua Evans Jr. (J)
. George G. Leiper (J)
. John B. Sterigere (J)
. Innis Green (J)
. Joseph Fry Jr. (J)
. Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (J)
. Samuel D. Ingham (J), until March 1829
Peter Ihrie Jr. (J), from October 13, 1829
. George Wolf (J), until March 1829
Samuel A. Smith (J), from October 13, 1829
. James Ford (J)
. Alem Marr (J)
. Philander Stephens (J)
. Adam King (J)
. Thomas H. Crawford (J)
. William Ramsey (J)
. John Scott (J)
. Chauncey Forward (J)
. Thomas Irwin (J)
. William McCreery (J)
. Harmar Denny (Anti-M), from December 15, 1829, after William Wilkins resigned before qualifying
. John Gilmore (J)
. Richard Coulter (J)
. Thomas H. Sill (NR)
List of United States representatives from Rhode IslandRhode Island
Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. Tristam Burges (NR)
. Dutee J. Pearce (NR)
List of United States representatives from South CarolinaSouth Carolina
. William Drayton (J)
. Robert W. Barnwell (J)
. John Campbell (J)
. William D. Martin (J)
. George McDuffie (J)
. Warren R. Davis (J)
. William T. Nuckolls (J)
. James Blair (J)
. Starling Tucker (J)
List of United States representatives from TennesseeTennessee
. John Blair (J)
. Pryor Lea (J)
. James I. Standifer (J)
. Jacob C. Isacks (J)
. Robert Desha (J)
. James K. Polk (J)
. John Bell (J)
. Cave Johnson (J)
. David Crockett (NR)
List of United States representatives from VermontVermont
. Jonathan Hunt (NR)
. Rollin C. Mallary (NR)
. Horace Everett (NR)
. Benjamin Swift (NR)
. William Cahoon (Anti-M)
List of United States representatives from VirginiaVirginia
. Thomas Newton Jr. (NR), until March 9, 1830
George Loyall (J), from March 9, 1830
. James Trezvant (J)
. William S. Archer (J)
. Mark Alexander (J)
. Thomas T. Bouldin (J)
. Thomas Davenport (J)
. Nathaniel H. Claiborne (J)
. Richard Coke Jr. (J)
. Andrew Stevenson (J)
. William C. Rives (J), until April 17, 1829
William F. Gordon (J), from January 25, 1830
. Philip P. Barbour (J), until October 15, 1830
John M. Patton (J), from November 25, 1830
. John Roane (J)
. John Taliaferro (NR)
. Charles F. Mercer (NR)
. John S. Barbour (J)
. William Armstrong (NR)
. Robert Allen (J)
. Philip Doddridge (NR)
. William McCoy (J)
. Robert Craig (J)
. Lewis Maxwell (NR)
. Alexander Smyth (J), until April 17, 1830
Joseph Draper (J), from December 6, 1830
Non-voting members
. John Biddle, until February 21, 1831, vacant thereafter
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
Replacements: 4
Jacksonians (J): no net change
National Republicans (NR): no net change
Deaths: 4
Resignations: 4
Interim appointments: 1
Total seats with changes: 7
|- | Georgia(3) | | John M. Berrien (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 9, 1829, to become U.S. Attorney General.Successor elected November 9, 1829. | | John Forsyth (J) | Installed November 9, 1829
|- | North Carolina(2) | | John Branch (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 9, 1829, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of the Navy.Successor elected December 9, 1829. | | Bedford Brown (J) | Installed December 9, 1829
|- | Tennessee(1) | | John Eaton (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 9, 1829, after being appointed U.S. Secretary of War.Successor elected October 19, 1829. | | Felix Grundy (J) | Installed October 19, 1829
|- | Delaware(1) | | Louis McLane (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned April 29, 1829, to become U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom.Successor elected January 7, 1830. | | Arnold Naudain (NR) | Installed January 7, 1830
|- | Mississippi(2) | | Thomas B. Reed (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Died November 26, 1829.Successor elected January 6, 1830. | | Robert H. Adams (J) | Installed January 6, 1830
|- | Mississippi(2) | | Robert H. Adams (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Died July 2, 1830.Successor appointed October 15, 1830, to continue the term, and subsequently elected. | | George Poindexter (J) | Installed October 15, 1830
|- | Illinois(2) | | John McLean (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Died October 14, 1830.Successor appointed November 12, 1830, to continue the term. | | David J. Baker (J) | Installed November 12, 1830
|- | Illinois(2) | | David J. Baker (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Appointee retired with elected successor qualified.Successor elected December 11, 1830. | | John M. Robinson (J) | Installed December 11, 1830
|- | Indiana(1) | | James Noble (NR) | style="font-size:80%" | Died February 26, 1831.Seat filled next Congress. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress
House of Representatives
Replacements: 5
Jacksonians (J): 1 seat net loss
National Republicans (NR): 1 seat net gain
Deaths: 2
Resignations: 10
Contested election: 2
Total seats with changes: 15
|- | | Vacant | style="font-size:80%" | Maryland elected its members October 5, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened. Rep-elect sworn in December after convening. | | George Edward Mitchell (J) | Seated December 7, 1829 |- | | Vacant | style="font-size:80%" | George Gilmer (Jacksonian) was redistricted from the 1st district and re-elected but failed to accept the position within the legal time frame. Governor ordered a new election. | | Henry G. Lamar (J) | Seated December 7, 1829 |- | | Vacant | style="font-size:80%" | Peleg Sprague resigned in previous Congress | | George Evans (NR) | Seated July 20, 1829 |- | | Vacant | style="font-size:80%" | William Wilkins resigned before qualifying | | Harmar Denny (AM) | Seated December 15, 1829 |- | | | George Wolf (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned in 1829 before the convening of Congress | | Samuel A. Smith (J) | Seated October 13, 1829 |- | | | William C. Rives (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned some time in 1829 | | William F. Gordon (J) | Seated January 25, 1830 |- | | | Samuel D. Ingham (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned in March 1829 after being appointed Secretary of the Treasury | | Peter Ihrie Jr. (J) | Seated October 13, 1829 |- | | | Gabriel Holmes (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Died September 26, 1829 | | Edward B. Dudley (J) | Seated November 10, 1829 |- | | | George Fisher (NR) | style="font-size:80%" | Lost contested election February 5, 1830, to Silas Wright who in turn failed to qualify | | Jonah Sanford (J) | Seated November 3, 1830 |- | | | Thomas Newton Jr. (NR) | style="font-size:80%" | Lost contested election March 9, 1830 | | George Loyall (J) | Seated March 9, 1830 |- | | | James W. Ripley (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 12, 1830 | | Cornelius Holland (J) | Seated December 6, 1830 |- | | | John M. Goodenow (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned April 9, 1830, after being appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio | | Humphrey H. Leavitt (J) | Seated December 6, 1830 |- | | | Alexander Smyth (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Died April 17, 1830 | | Joseph Draper (J) | Seated December 6, 1830 |- | | | Hector Craig (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 12, 1830 | | Samuel W. Eager (NR) | Seated November 2, 1830 |- | | | Philip P. Barbour (J) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned October 15, 1830, after being appointed judge of US Circuit Court of the Eastern District of Virginia | | John M. Patton (J) | Seated November 25, 1830 |- | | | Robert Monell (J) | style="font-size:80%" |Resigned February 21, 1831 | Vacant | Not filled this term |- | | John Biddle | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned February 21, 1831 | Vacant | Not filled this term |}
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
Accounts of James Monroe (Select)
Agriculture (Chairman: William Marks)
Amending the Constitution on the Election of the President and Vice President (Select)
Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Elias Kane then James Iredell Jr.)
Claims (Chairman: Benjamin Ruggles)
Commerce (Chairman: Levi Woodbury)
District of Columbia (Chairman: Ezekiel F. Chambers)
Dueling (Select)
Engrossed Bills (Chairman: William Marks)
Finance (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
Foreign Relations (Chairman: Littleton Tazewell)
French Spoilations (Select)
Impeachment of James H. Peck (Select)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: Hugh Lawson White)
Judiciary (Chairman: John Rowan)
Manufactures (Chairman: Mahlon Dickerson)
Memorial of the Manufacturers Iron (Select)
Mileage of Members of Congress (Select)
Military Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Hart Benton)
Militia (Chairman: Isaac D. Barnard)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Robert Y. Hayne)
Nomination of Amos Kendall (Select)
Pensions (Chairman: John Holmes)
Post Office Department (Select)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: George M. Bibb)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: Jacob Burnet)
Public Lands (Chairman: David Barton)
Roads and Canals (Select) (Chairman: William Hendricks)
Tariff Regulation (Select)
House of Representatives
Accounts (Chairman: Jehiel H. Halsey)
Agriculture (Chairman: Ambrose Spencer)
American Colonization Society (Select)
Claims (Chairman: Elisha Whittlesey)
Commerce (Chairman: Churchill C. Cambreleng)
District of Columbia (Chairman: Gershom Powers)
Elections (Chairman: Willis Alston)
Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Augustine H. Shepperd)
Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: Joel Yancey)
Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Jonas Earll)
Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: George G. Leiper)
Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: Lewis Maxwell)
Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Michael C. Sprigg)
Foreign Affairs (Chairman: William S. Archer)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: John Bell)
Judiciary (Chairman: James Buchanan)
Manufactures (Chairman: Rollin C. Mallary)
Military Affairs (Chairman: William Drayton)
Military Pensions (Chairman: Isaac C. Bates)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Michael Hoffman)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Richard M. Johnson)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: John B. Sterigere)
Public Expenditures (Chairman: Thomas H. Hall)
Public Lands (Chairman: Jacob C. Isacks then Charles A. Wickliffe)
Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Dutee J. Pearce)
Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Tristam Burges)
Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: N/A)
Rules (Select)
Territories (Chairman: James Clark)
Ways and Means (Chairman: George McDuffie)
Joint committees
Employees
List of federal agencies in the United States#United States CongressLegislative branch agency directors
Architect of the Capitol: Charles Bulfinch, until June 25, 1829 (office abolished)
Senate
Chaplain: William Ryland (Methodist), until December 14, 1829
Henry V. Johns (Episcopalian), elected December 14, 1829
House of Representatives
Chaplain: Reuben Post (Presbyterian), until December 13, 1830
Ralph R. Gurley (Presbyterian), elected December 13, 1830
See also
1828 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
1830 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
Notes
References
External links
From American Memory at the Library of Congress:
Other U.S. government websites:
House Document No. 108-222 from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (17742005)
House History from the U.S. House of Representatives
Statistics and Lists from the U.S. Senate