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Wikipedia / Puyuma language

The Puyuma language or Pinuyumayan (), is the language of the Puyuma, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a language of the Austronesian family. Most speakers are older adults.

Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian.

Dialects

The internal classification of Puyuma dialects below is from . Nanwang Puyuma is considered to be the relatively phonologically conservative but grammatically innovative, as in it preserves proto-Puyuma voiced plosives but syncretizes the use of both oblique and genitive case.

Proto-Puyuma

  • Nanwang

(Main branch)

Pinaski–Ulivelivek

  • Pinaski

  • Ulivelivek

    Rikavung

Kasavakan–Katipul

  • Kasavakan

  • Katipul

Puyuma-speaking villages are:

  1. Puyuma cluster ('born of the bamboo')

  2. Puyuma ()

  3. Apapulu ()

  4. Katipul cluster ('born of a stone')

  5. Alipai ()

  6. Pinaski (); 2km north of Puyuma/Nanwang, and maintains close relations with it

  7. Pankiu ()

  8. Kasavakan ()

  9. Katratripul ()

  10. Likavung ()

  11. Tamalakaw ()

  12. Ulivelivek ()

Phonology

Puyuma has 18 consonants and 4 vowels:Note that Teng uses for and for , swapping their values in the official orthography. The official orthography is used in this article.

Grammar

Morphology

Puyuma verbs have four types of focus:

  1. Actor focus: Ø (no mark), -em-, -en- (after labials), me-, meʔ-, ma-

  2. Object focus: -aw

  3. Referent focus: -ay

  4. Instrumental focus: -anay

There are three verbal aspects:

  1. Perfect

  2. Imperfect

  3. Future

There are two modes:

  1. Imperative

  2. Hortative future

Affixes include:

  • Perfect: Ø (no mark)

  • Imperfect: Reduplication; -a-

  • Future: Reduplication, sometimes only -a-

  • Hortative future: -a-

  • Imperative mode: Ø (no mark)

Syntax

Puyuma has a verb-initial word order.

Articles include:

  • i – singular personal

  • a – singular non-personal

  • na – plural (personal and non-personal)

Pronouns

The Puyuma personal pronouns are:

Affixes

The Puyuma affixes are:

  1. Prefixes

  2. ika-: the shape of; forming; shaping

  3. ka-: stative marker

  4. kara-: collective, to do something together

  5. kare-: the number of times

  6. ki-: to get something

  7. kir-: to go against (voluntarily)

  8. kitu-: to become

  9. kur-: be exposed to; be together (passively)

  10. m-, ma-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix

  11. maka-: along; to face against

  12. mara-: comparative/superlative marker

  13. mar(e)-: reciprocal; plurality of relations

  14. mi-: to have; to use

  15. mu-: anticausative marker

  16. mutu-: to become, to transform into

  17. pa-/p-: causative marker

  18. pu-: put

  19. puka-: ordinal numeral marker

  20. piya-: to face a certain direction

  21. si-: to pretend to

  22. tara-: to use (an instrument), to speak (a language)

  23. tinu-: to simulate

  24. tua-: to make, to form

  25. u-: to go

  26. ya-: to belong to; nominalizer

  27. Suffixes

  28. -a: perfective marker; numeral classifier

  29. -an: nominalizer; collective/plural marker

  30. -anay: conveyance voice affix/transitive affix

  31. -aw: patient voice affix/transitive affix

  32. -ay: locative voice affix/transitive affix

  33. -i, -u: imperative transitive marker

  34. Infixes

  35. -in-: perfective marker

  36. -em-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix

  37. Circumfixes

  38. -in-anan: the members of

  39. ka- -an: a period of time

  40. muri- -an: the way one is doing something; the way something was done

  41. sa- -an: people doing things together

  42. sa- -enan: people belonging to the same community

  43. si- -an: nominalizer

  44. Ca- -an, CVCV- -an: collectivity, plurality

See Also

Notes

References