Year 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

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By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.

Europe

• May El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.

• May–June Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III ("the Fair") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.

• July 28 William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).

• November 12 Donald III mobilises his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Scottish Lowlands, re-taking the Scottish throne.

Fatimid Egypt

• After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.

Eastern Islamic world

• February 3 Caliph of Baghdad al-Muqtadi dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).

• October Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.

By topic

Religion

• May 15 The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.

• October 8 Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.

• King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.

• Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism</onlyinclude>

Births

• January 14 Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)

• Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)

• Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)

• Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)

• Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)

• Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)

Deaths

• January 10 Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)

February 3

• Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)

• Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)

• June 2 Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)

• June 4 Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona

• July 28 William Bertrand, margrave of Provence

October 14

• Bertha of Holland, French queen consort

• Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)

• October Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire

• November 12 Duncan II, king of Scotland

• Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman

• Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer

• Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo

• Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman

• Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (b. 1035)

• Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola

• Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop

• Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman

• Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman

• Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent

• William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Norman nobleman

• Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman

References