Shaximiao Formation on arvau

Wikipedia / Shaximiao Formation

The Shaximiao Formation () is a Middle to Late Jurassic aged geological formation in Sichuan, China, most notable for the wealth of dinosaurs fossils that have been excavated from its strata. The Shaximiao Formation is exposed in and around the small township of Dashanpu (), situated seven kilometres north-east from Sichuan's third largest city, Zigong, in the Da'an District.

Geology

The Shaximiao Formation includes two distinct subunits: The upper and lower Shaximiao Formations (), although they are commonly referred to as one, simply being called the "Shaximiao Formation". The upper Shaximiao Formation is also known as the Shangshaximiao Formation, and the lower Shaximiao Formation is also known as the Xiashaximiao Formation, which are direct transliterations of the Chinese names. Both subunits primarily consist of purple-red mudstones, with variable sand inclusion. and siltstones with interbedded sandstones.

Dinosaur finds

The Shaximiao Formation has produced mainly sauropods, but has also held numerous other dinosaur types, such as theropods and stegosaurians amongst others. In total, over 8,000 pieces of bone have been unearthed from the area amounting to nearly 40tonnes. The site was unknown until the early 1970s, when a Chinese gas company unearthed Gasosaurus in 1972. It would be the first of the many dinosaurs to be uncovered from the area. Most specimens found are held at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum which has been placed on the area during the mid-1980s.

The site is currently a frequented "dinosaur-quarry", but the Shaximiao Formation once hosted a lush forest, evidenced by fossilised wood found alongside the dinosaur remains. Paleontologists speculate that the area also had a lake that was fed by a large river. Dinosaur remains would have been swept toward the lake over millions of years, thus accounting for the hundreds of specimens found. Based on biostratigraphy, the Lower Shaximiao Formation has been usually seen to date to 168 to 161 million years old, between the Bathonian to Callovian stages of the Mid Jurassic, while the Upper Shaximiao was thought to be Oxfordian in age. A paper by Wang et al. (2018), (recalibrated dates reported in Moore et al. (2020)), reported a zircon U-Pb age of 160.4 ± 0.4 mya for the lower part of the Shaximiao Formation, suggesting that the Shaximiao Formation is younger than previously thought. Contradicting this, U-Pb dates from a tuff bed supports traditional Middle Jurassic age for the lower part of the formation, with an average age of around 166.0 ± 1.5 Ma. The top of the Shaximiao Formation has been believed to be the end of the Tithonian age.

Dong Zhiming's research

The paleontologist who has made the largest contribution to the formation and its excavation is Dong Zhiming. He first examined the formation in 1975, after bone fragments were found embedded in rock from the area. The site was being demolished to make way for both a natural gas field facility and a vehicle park when Dong first saw the area. Amongst the extensive clearings, Dong found numerous bone fragments which were exposed.

However, the specimens were being damaged due to bulldozers in the area and there would be little chance of closing the area as the state had invested millions of yuan in the site already. It was not until 1985 that the government finally agreed to close the construction on the site, and by then Dong and his team had already excavated over 100 dinosaurs from the area, including several rare sauropod skulls. A dinosaur found in the Shaximiao Formation, Dashanpusaurus dongi, was named in tribute of both Dashanpu and Dong Zhiming.

Paleobiota

In addition to dinosaur finds, many other prehistoric finds have been uncovered from the Shaximiao Formation. Amongst these finds are fishes, amphibians, turtles, marine reptiles such as crocodiles and also pterosaurs. Bienotheroides, a Tritylodont Synapsid has been found there, as well as Sinobrachyops, a Labyrinthodont.

Amphibians

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Sinobrachyops	S. placenticephalus	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A brachyopid stereospondyl

Fish

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus	C. guanganensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A ceratodontid lungfish
C. minor	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
C. youngi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
C. zigongensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation, Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Chungkingichthys	C. tachuensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A ptycholepiform fish
Hybodus	H. sp.	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A hybodont chondrichthyan
Isanichthys	I. luchowensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A ginglymodian fish, originally identified as Lepidotes
Yuchoulepis	Y. szechuanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A ptycholepiform fish

Sauropterygians

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bishanopliosaurus	B. zigongensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A pliosauroid plesiosaur

Crocodyliformes

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Sunosuchus	S. shunanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A goniopholidid
Hsisosuchus	H. dashanpuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A goniopholid

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Angustinaripterus	A. longicephalus	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A rhamphorhynchine rhamphorhynchid with a very elongated and flat snout and an estimated wingspan at

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Neornithischians

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Agilisaurus	A. louderbacki	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Gongbusaurus	G. shiyii	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	Teeth
Hexinlusaurus	H. multidens	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Xiaosaurus	X. dashanpuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Yandusaurus	Y. hongheensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation

Stegosaurs

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bashanosaurus	B. primitivus	Lower Shaximiao Formation	The earliest-diverging stegosaur currently known; it shares features with basal thyreophorans and derived stegosaurs.
Chialingosaurus	C. kuani	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A stegosaurian.
Chungkingosaurus	C. jiangbeiensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A stegosaurian.
Huayangosaurus	H. taibaii	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A huayangosaurid with more spike-like plates than Stegosaurus. It was also one of the smallest known stegosaurs, at just in length.
Gigantspinosaurus	G. sichuanensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A stegosaurian.
G. sp.	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A stegosaurian.
Tuojiangosaurus	T. multispinus	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A stegosaurian.
Yingshanosaurus	Y. jichuanensis	Upper Shaximiao Formation	Nearly complete skeleton	A stegosaurian.

Sauropods

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Abrosaurus	A. dongpoi	Lower Shaximiao Formation	A macronarian known from a well-preserved skull and other elements.
Bashunosaurus	B. kaijiangensis	Lower Shaximiao Formation	An obscure possible macronarian
Daanosaurus	D. zhangi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
Dashanpusaurus	D. dongi	Lower Shaximiao Formation	A basal macronarian
Datousaurus	D. bashanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
Mamenchisaurus	M. constructus	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
M. hochuanensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
M. youngi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
M. jingyanensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
M. sanjiangensis	Upper Shaximiao Formation	A single partial skeleton	A mamenchisaurid.
Omeisaurus	O. luoquanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
O. tianfuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
O. junghsiensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
O. changshouensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
O. maoianus	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
O. fuxiensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A mamenchisaurid.
O. jiaoi	A mamenchisaurid.
O. puxiani	A mamenchisaurid.
Protognathosaurus	P. oxyodon	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Shunosaurus	S. lii	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A eusauropod estimated with a length at , the weight at 3 metric tons (3.3 short tons). The tail ended in a club, equipped on its top with two successive spikes formed by -long cone-shaped osteoderms probably used to fend off enemies.
Yuzhoulong	Y. qurenensis	Lower Shaximiao Formation	A basal macronarian known from a subadult specimen
Zigongosaurus	Z. fuxiensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	Possibly a species of Mamenchisaurus.

Theropods

Genus	Species	Synonyms	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chienkosaurus	C. ceratosauroides	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation
Chuandongocoelurus	C. primitivus	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation
Elaphrosaurinae indet.	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	Formerly designated as the paratype of Chuandongocoelurus.
Gasosaurus	G. constructus	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	An avetheropod that measured between in length, with a weight of around . However, some estimates put its weight as high as , as very little is known about it.
Kaijiangosaurus	K. lini	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A megalosaurid, early tetanuran, early averostran or basal carnosaur.
Leshansaurus	L. qianweiensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao formation	A megalosaurid.
Sinocoelurus	S. fragilis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A theropod of uncertain affinities
Sinraptor	S. hepingensis	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A metriacanthosaurid, formally named Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis.
Szechuanosaurus	S. campi	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao Formation	A metriacanthosaurid. Remains from the Shaximiao Formation might represent an indeterminate theropod.
Xuanhanosaurus	X. qilixiaensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A metriacanthosaurid.
Yangchuanosaurus	Y. shangyouensis	Y. magnus	Mamenchisaurus assemblage, Upper Shaximiao formation	A metriacanthosaurid
Y. zigongensis	Szechuanosaurus zigongensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	ZDM9011 (holotype), a partial postcranial skeleton; ZDM9012, a left maxilla; ZDM9013, two teeth and ZDM9014, a right hind limb.

Turtles

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bashuchelys	B. zigongensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A bachuchelyid.
Chengyuchelys	C. baenoides	Shangshaximiao Formation	A xinjiangchelyid.
C. latimarginalis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A xinjiangchelyid.
Chuannanchelys	C. dashanpuensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A bashuchelyid.
Protoxinjiangchelys	P. salis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A xinjiangchelyid.
Sichuanchelys	S. chowi	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A sichuanchelyid.
Tienfuchelys	T. zigongensis	Shangshaximiao Formation	A xinjiangchelyid.
Sinaspideretes	S. wimani	Shangshaximiao Formation	A trionychian, possibly the oldest known cryptodire

Therapsids

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Bienotheroides	B. zigongensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A tritylodontid.
Polistodon	P. chuannanensis	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	A tritylodontid.
Tritylodontidae	gen. et sp. indet.	Shunosaurus-Omeisaurus assemblage, Lower Shaximiao Formation	An indeterminate tritylodontid.

Plants

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Brachyoxylon	B. qijiangense	Masangyan village	Leaves	Family unknown.

References

External links

Dong Zhiming account of Shaximiao Formation