Scheuer (German: Scheuer "barn, granary", a topographic name for someone who lived near a conspicuous barn or near a tithe-barn) is a surname. Notable people with the name include:

• Andreas Scheuer (born 1974), German politician

• Babe Scheuer (1913–1997), American football player

• Benjamin Scheuer, American songwriter

David "Tebele" Scheuer (1712–1782), German rabbi

• Mechel Scheuer (1739–1810), German rabbi, son of David Tebele Scheuer

• Abraham Naftali-Hertz Scheuer (1755–1812), German rabbi, son of David Tebele Scheuer

• James H. Scheuer (1920–2005), New York politician

• Max Scheuer, Austrian footballer

• Michael Scheuer (born 1952), American former intelligence officer for the CIA

• Michel Scheuer (1927–2015), West German sprint canoeist

• Norbert Scheuer (born 1951), German writer

• Philip K. Scheuer (1902–1985), American film critic

• Raymond J. Scheuer (1887–1939), American politician and businessman

• Sandra Scheuer (1949–1970), victim of the Kent State shootings

• Steven H. Scheuer (1926–2014), film- and television historian and -critic

• Sven Scheuer (born 1971), German footballer

• Tine Scheuer-Larsen (born 1966), Danish tennis player