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Wikipedia / Hawaiian honeycreeper

Hawaiʻian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (Carpodacus), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch, such as greatly elongated and curved bills. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation following ecological release in an insular environment. Over 60 species are thought to have existed prior to the human colonisation of Hawaii. Only 17 species are confirmed to be alive today. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaiʻi, with extinctions increasing over the last two centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.

Taxonomy

Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae, other authorities considered them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows (Passerellidae) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today. Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae, without a named taxon assigned to this group.

Evolution and phylogeny

The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7–7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli (Melamprosops) was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7–5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene, after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.

Cladogram of the approximate relationships of most living and recently extinct Hawaiian honeycreepers based on autosomal nuclear DNA, after Campana et al. 2026. Note that there is some uncertainty regarding the interrelationships between the two genera of "creepers" (Oreomystis and Paroreomyza), which some analyses find to be a monophyletic group, as well as between the main subgroups of the "primary clade" containing most Hawaiian honeycreepers (which also includes the extinct genera Xestospiza and Vangulifer which are not included in this tree due to the poor quality of their sequenced DNA) due to rapid radiation. There has also been interspecies gene flow between different Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages that is not captured in this diagram.The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and their position within the larger clade is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, the recovered relationships change, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.

Viridonia (containing the greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus" radiation (a now-paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus, including Hemignathus, Akialoa, and Chlorodrepanis) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing the lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas, ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī).

Characteristics

Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".

Today, the flowers of the native ōhia (Metrosideros polymorpha) are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.

Genera and species

Over 60 species are thought to have existed prior to human colonisation of Hawaii. 17 species are confirmed to be still living as of 2026.

List of species

The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaii (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.

Subfamily Carduelinae

Drepanidini

Genus Aidemedia Olson & James, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores

Genus Akialoa Olson & James, 1995 – pointed, long and down-curved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous

Genus Chloridops Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, hard seed (e.g. Myoporum sandwicense) specialist

Genus Chlorodrepanis Olson & James, 1995 – pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous

Genus Ciridops Newton, 1892 – finch-like, fed on fruit of Pritchardia species

Genus Drepanis Temminck, 1820 – down-curved bills, nectarivores

Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins, 1919 – pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist

Genus Hemignathus Lichtenstein, 1839 – pointed or long and down-curved bills, insectivorous

Genus Himatione – thin-billed, nectarivorous

Genus Loxioides Oustalet, 1877 – finch-like, Fabales seed specialists

Genus Loxops – small pointed bills with the tips slightly crossed, insectivorous

Genus Magumma - small pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous

Genus Melamprosops Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – short pointed bill, insectivorous and snail specialist

  • Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – poʻouli (extinct, 2004)

Genus Oreomystis Wilson, 1891 – short pointed bills, insectivorous

Genus Orthiospiza – large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?

Genus Palmeria Rothschild, 1893 – thin-billed, nectarivorous, favors Metrosideros polymorpha

Genus Paroreomyza – short pointed bills, insectivorous

Paroreomyza

Genus Pseudonestor – parrot-like bill, probes wood for insect larvae

Genus Psittirostra – slightly hooked bill, Freycinetia arborea fruit specialist

Genus Rhodacanthis – large-billed, granivorous, legume specialists

Genus Telespiza Wilson, 1890 – finch-like, granivorous, opportunistic scavengers

Genus Vangulifer – flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects

  • Vangulifer mirandus – strange-billed finch (prehistoric)

  • Vangulifer neophasis – thin-billed finch (prehistoric)

Genus Viridonia

Genus Xestospiza James & Oslon, 1991 – cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivorous

Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.

Conservation

See also

Cited references

Other references

  • Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.