In geometry, an essential manifold is a special type of closed manifold. The notion was first introduced explicitly by Mikhail Gromov.

Definition

A closed manifold M is called essential if its fundamental class [M] defines a nonzero element in the homology of its fundamental group , or more precisely in the homology of the corresponding Eilenberg–MacLane space K(,1), via the natural homomorphism

where n is the dimension of M. Here the fundamental class is taken in homology with integer coefficients if the manifold is orientable, and in coefficients modulo 2, otherwise.

Examples

• All closed surfaces (i.e. 2-dimensional manifolds) are essential with the exception of the 2-sphere S2.

• Real projective space RPn is essential since the inclusion

• is injective in homology, where

• is the Eilenberg–MacLane space of the finite cyclic group of order 2.

All compact aspherical manifolds are essential (since being aspherical means the manifold itself is already a K(,1))

• In particular all compact hyperbolic manifolds are essential.

• All lens spaces are essential.

Properties

• The connected sum of essential manifolds is essential.

• Any manifold which admits a map of nonzero degree to an essential manifold is itself essential.

References

See also

• Gromov's systolic inequality for essential manifolds

• Systolic geometry