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Wikipedia / January

January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.

Ancient Roman observances during this month include Cervula and Juvenalia, celebrated January 1, as well as one of three Agonalia, celebrated January 9, and Carmentalia, celebrated January 11. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

History

January (in Latin, Ianuarius) is named after Janus, the god of beginnings and transitions in ancient Roman religion and mythology.

Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months totaling 304 days, winter being considered a month-less period. Around 713 BC, the semi-mythical successor of Romulus, King Numa Pompilius, is supposed to have added the months of January and February, so that the calendar covered a standard lunar year (354 days). Although March was originally the first month in the old Roman calendar, January became the first month of the calendar year either under Numa or under the Decemvirs about 450BC (Roman writers differ). By contrast, each specific calendar year was identified by the names of the two consuls, who entered office on March 15th until 153BC, at which point they started entering office on January 1st.

Various Christian feast dates were used for the New Year in Europe during the Middle Ages, including March 25 (Feast of the Annunciation) and December 25. However, medieval calendars were still displayed in the Roman fashion with twelve columns from January to December. Beginning in the 16th century, European countries began officially making January 1 the start of the New Year once again—sometimes called Circumcision Style because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, being the seventh day after December 25.

Historical names for January include its original Roman designation, Ianuarius, the Saxon term Wulf-monath (meaning "wolf month") and Charlemagne's designation Wintarmanoth ("winter / cold month"). In Slovene, it is traditionally called prosinec; the name, associated with millet bread and the act of asking for something, was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.

According to Theodor Mommsen, 1 January became the first day of the year in 600 AUC of the Roman calendar (153BC), due to disasters in the Lusitanian War. A Lusitanian chief called Punicus invaded the Roman territory, defeated two Roman governors, and killed their troops. The Romans resolved to send a consul to Hispania, and in order to accelerate the dispatch of aid, "they even made the new consuls enter into office two months and a half before the legal time" (March 15).

Symbols

January's birthstone is the garnet, which represents constancy. Its birth flower is the cottage pink Dianthus caryophyllus, galanthus or traditional carnation. The zodiac signs are Capricorn (until January 19) and Aquarius (January 20 onwards).

Observances

This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.

Month-long

Food months in the United States

This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.

  • Be Kind to Food Servers Month (by proclamation, State of Tennessee)

  • California Dried Plum Digestive Health Month

  • Hot Tea Month

  • National Soup Month

  • Oatmeal Month

Non-Gregorian

All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown on the date in question.

Moveable

This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.

January 2 unless that day is a Sunday, in which case January 3

First Friday

Second Saturday

Second Monday

Friday before third Monday

Third Friday

Sunday closest to January 22

Third full week of January

Last full week of January

Third Monday

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (United States)

Wednesday of the third full week of January

Friday between January 19–25

Last Saturday

Last Sunday

Last Monday in January

Fourth Monday

Monday Closest to January 29

Fixed

January 1

Feast of the Circumcision of Christ

Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:

New Year's Day

Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Catholic Church)

January 2

January 3

January 4

January 5

January 6

Epiphany or Three Kings' Day (Western Christianity) or Theophany (Eastern Christianity), and its related observances:

January 7

Christmas (Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches using the Julian Calendar, Rastafari)

January 8

January 9

January 10

January 11

January 12

January 13

Old New Year's Eve (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, North Macedonia), and its related observances:

January 14

January 15

January 16

January 17

January 18

January 19

Confederate Heroes Day (Texas), and its related observance:

Theophany / Epiphany (Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy), and its related observances:

January 20

January 21

January 22

January 23

January 24

Feast of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:

January 25

January 26

January 27

Liberation of the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-related observances:

January 28

January 29

January 30

Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi-related observances:

January 31

References