Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.

Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22mm. In most genera, the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.

Distribution

Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.

Name

The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.

Species

The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:

• Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967

  Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967Greece

• Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022Greece

• Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879

  Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988Spain (Baleares)

• Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (Sardinia)

• Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (Sicily)

• Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874)UK to Balkans (Europe)

• Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain

• Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia

• Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain, Morocco

• Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans

• Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873)Italy

• Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain

• Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy

• Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879Italy, France (Corsica)

• Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978Spain

• Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879Italy, France, Switzerland

• Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988France

• Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy

• Calathocratus Simon, 1879

  Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia, Italy

• Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968Turkey

• Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966)Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.

• Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011Russia

• Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete)

• Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013)Kyrgyzstan

• Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011Russia

• Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963)Greece (Rhodes)

• Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940)Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey

• Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873)Italy

• Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940

  Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete)

  Trogulus Latreille, 1802

  Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879France (Corsica)

• Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain (Baleares)

• Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.

• Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988Italy

• Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc

• Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839(Unknown locality) [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Italy (contra reports of widespread)

• Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879France, Italy

• Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia

• Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)

• Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.

• Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia

• Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Portugal

• Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)

• Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 Portugal

• Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Greece [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 Italy, France, etc

• Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013Greece (Corfu)

• Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia

• Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763)Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)

• Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971Romania

• Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013Croatia

• Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia

• Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain

• Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain

• Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

• Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940Croatia

• Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)

• Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013Macedonia

• Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia

• Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Germany, etc (Central Europe)

• Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)

• Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)

• Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973Turkey

See also extinct:

• †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)

Plus see unknown:

• †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887

  †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887

References

Further reading

• Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae

• (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press