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Wikipedia / Pulmonata

Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.

The taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger et al., dating from 2010.

Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous period to the present.

Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated symmetrical nervous system. The mantle cavity is on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts.

Linnean taxonomy

The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) was as follows:

Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates

Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948

Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails

Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990

Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata

Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975

Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 – land snails and slugs

2005 taxonomy

The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) was as follows:

Informal Group Pulmonata

Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata

Informal Group Basommatophora

Contains the clade Hygrophila

Superfamily Amphiboloidea

Superfamily Siphonarioidea

Clade Hygrophila (Gastropoda)Hygrophila

Superfamily Chilinoidea

Superfamily Acroloxoidea

Superfamily Lymnaeoidea

Superfamily Planorboidea

Clade Eupulmonata

Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora

Superfamily Trimusculoidea

Superfamily Otinoidea

Superfamily Ellobioidea

Clade SystellommatophoraSystellommatophora ( = GymnomorphaGymnomorpha)

Superfamily Onchidioidea

Superfamily Veronicelloidea

Clade StylommatophoraStylommatophora

Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

Subclade ElasmognathaElasmognatha

Superfamily Succineoidea

Superfamily Athoracophoroidea

Subclade OrthurethraOrthurethra

Superfamily Partuloidea

Superfamily Achatinelloidea

Superfamily Cochlicopoidea

Superfamily Pupilloidea

Superfamily Enoidea

Informal Group SigmurethraSigmurethra

Superfamily Clausilioidea

Superfamily Orthalicoidea

Superfamily Achatinoidea

Superfamily Aillyoidea

Superfamily Testacelloidea

Superfamily Papillodermatoidea

Superfamily Streptaxoidea

Superfamily Rhytidoidea

Superfamily Acavoidea

Superfamily Punctoidea

Superfamily Sagdoidea

limacoid cladelimacoid clade

Superfamily Staffordioidea

Superfamily Dyakioidea

Superfamily Gastrodontoidea

Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea

  • Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae

  • Subfamily † Grandipatulinae

  • Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae

Superfamily Parmacelloidea

Superfamily Zonitoidea

Superfamily Helicarionoidea

Superfamily Limacoidea

other Sigmurethra

Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.

Superfamily Arionoidea

Superfamily Helicoidea

2010 taxonomy

Jörger et al. (2010) analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.

References

Further reading