Events

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January–March

• January 21 Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga.

February 6

• (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.

• Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands.

• March 13 First English Civil War: First Battle of Middlewich Roundheads (Parliamentarianss) rout the Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I) at Middlewich in Cheshire.

• March 18 Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross English troops defeat those of Confederate Ireland.

April–June

• April 1 Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter.

• April 28 Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason.

• May 14 Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 76 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.

May 19

• Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi in France.

• The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony (Connecticut), and New Haven Colony.

• May 20 Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet (led by Hendrik Brouwer) is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village.

• June 30 First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor Royalists gain control of Yorkshire.

July–September

• July 1 The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.

• July 5 First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset.

• July 13 First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.

• August 24 Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.

• September 6 Battle of Mongiovino: The forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, led by Mattias de' Medici, defeated the Papal forces commanded by Taddeo Barberini.

• September 20 First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury A strategic Parliamentarian victory is made over Royalist forces who are led personally by King Charles.

October–December

• October 8 The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.

• October 28 Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.

• November 14 Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.

• November 24 Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.

• December 12 Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson's forces enter Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War.

• December 13 First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.

• December 25 Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary.

• December 28 Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil.

Date unknown

• Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.

• An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.

• Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.

• Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.

• Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum (in Antwerp). This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.

• Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student; he will complete it in 1645, just before his death.

• Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America.</onlyinclude>

• The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo.

Births

January–March

• January 2 Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun (d. 1722)

• January 4 (N.S.) Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)

• January 7 (O.S.) Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)

• January 9 Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (1689–1695) (d. 1695)

• January 13 Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal (d. 1699)

• January 25 John Hayes, English politician (d. 1705)

• January 24 Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706)

• January 30 Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1707)

February 6

• Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1710)

• Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712)

• February 15 García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706)

February 25

• Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695)

• Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712)

• March 4 Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671)

• March 6 Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian (d. 1724)

• March 8 Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1725)

• March 17 Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1717)

• March 23 Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731)

• March 25 Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist (d. 1680)

• March 28 Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath (d. 1697)

• March 29 Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (d. 1727)

April–June

• April 3 Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1690)

• April 6 Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician (d. 1720)

• April 30 Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter (d. 1708)

• May 3 Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist (d. 1704)

• May 7 Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700)

• May 8 George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1672–1693) (d. 1693)

• May 9 Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer (d. 1683)

• May 10 Gabriel Revel, French painter (d. 1712)

• May 29 Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon (d. 1695)

July–September

• July 3 Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop (d. 1709)

• July 26 Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician (d. 1709)

• July 28 Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer (d. 1722)

• July 29 Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709)

• August 3 Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet (d. 1725)

• August 16 Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1647)

• August 18 William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1670–1709) (d. 1709)

• August 21 King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves (d. 1683)

• August 26 Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1715)

• September 3 Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist (d. 1704)

• September 5 Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)

• September 6 François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet (d. 1742)

September 14

• Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718)

• Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian (d. 1719)

• September 17 Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694)

• September 18 Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715)

• September 27 Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729)

• September 30 Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books (d. 1705)

October–December

• October 5 Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (d. 1721)

• October 14 Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712)

• October 25 Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer (d. 1676)

• November 1 John Strype, English historian and biographer (d. 1737)

• November 4 Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain (d. 1675)

• November 16 Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller (d. 1713)

• November 22 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)

• November 23 Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician (d. 1722)

• December 24 Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest (d. 1709)

• December 28 Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church (d. 1713)

Date unknown

• Marie Grubbe, Danish countess (d. 1718)

• Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter (d. 1674)

• Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine (d. 1703)

Deaths

• January 14 John Bois, English scholar (b. 1560)

• January 20 Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (b. 1573)

• February 11 Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1575)

• February 15 Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (b. 1587)

• February 25 Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer (b. 1582)

March 1

• Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (b. 1583)

• Rustam Khan, Georgian-Iranian soldier (b. c. 1588)

• April 4 Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (b. 1583)

April 12

• Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1606–1643) (b. 1579)

• Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (b. 1585)

• April 13 Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (b. 1567)

• April 20 Christoph Demantius, German composer (b. 1567)

April 28

• Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State (b. c. 1578)

• Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach (b. 1581)

• May 14 King Louis XIII of France (b. 1601)

• July 12 François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (b. 1597)

• July 25 Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English statesman (b. 1584)

• August Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (b. 1591)

• August 7 Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (b. 1573)

August 22

• Philippe de Carteret II, son of Philippe de Carteret I (1552 (b. 1584)

• Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist (b. 1589)

• September 15 Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)

September 20, at the Battle of Newbury:

• Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English politician and writer (b. c. 1610)

• Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (b. c. 1610)

• Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (b. 1620)

• September 21 Emperor Hong Taiji of China (b. 1592)

• October 2 Jean Chalette, French painter (b. 1581)

• October 29 Brilliana, Lady Harley, English noble, letter writer and war heroine (b. 1598)

November 3

• John Bainbridge, English astronomer (b. 1583)

• Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577)

• Sun Chuanting, Ming dynasty general (b. 1593)

November 14

• Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble (b. 1586)

• George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman (b. 1606)

• November 15 Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (b. 1567)

• November 17 Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France (b. 1602)

November 29

• William Cartwright, English dramatist (b. 1611)

• Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (b. 1567)

• December 8 John Pym, English statesman (b. 1583)

• December 10 Herman Wrangel, Swedish soldier and politician (b. 1584/1587)

December 11

• Arthur Bell, English Franciscan martyr (b. 1590)

• Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland, English politician (b. 1591)

• December 30 Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (b. 1566)

• approx. date Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (b. 1610)

date unknown

• Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer and horticulturalist (b. 1556)

• María Pita, Spanish heroine (b. 1565)

References